Table 3.
AMR genes detected in 108 whole-genome sequences of A. baumannii originating from Southeast Asia.
| Antibiotic Class | AMR Resistance Genes | Mechanism | Predicted Phenotype | Origin of Strains | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene Family | Frequency (%) | ||||
| Aminoglycosides | ant(3“)-IIa | 107 (99%) | NUT: Nucleotidyltransferase | Streptomycin, spectinomycin | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw |
| aph(3“)-Ib | 83 (77%) | PHT: Phosphotransferase | Streptomycin | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| aph(6)-Id | 83 (77%) | PHT: Phosphotransferase | Streptomycin | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| armA_1 | 73 (63.5%) | MET: Methyltransferase | Gentamicin | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| aph(3’)-Ia | 53 (49%) | PHT: Phosphotransferase | Kanamycin | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| aadA1 | 22 (20%) | NUT: Nucleotidyltransferase | Streptomycin | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Tiaw | |
| aph(3’)-Via | 15 (14%) | PHT: Phosphotransferase | Amikacin, kanamycin | Viet, Myan, Thai, | |
| ant(2“)-Ia | 14 (13%) | NUT: Nucleotidyltransferase | Gentamicin, kanamycin | Viet, Myan, Thai | |
| aac(6’)-Ib | 12 (11%) | ACT: Acetyltransferase | Gentamicin | Viet, Myan, Thai, Tiaw | |
| aac(3)-IId | 11 (10%) | ACT: Acetyltransferase | Gentamicin | Myan, Thai | |
| β-lactams | blaOXA-51-like | 103 (95.5%) | Ambler class D β-lactamases | β-lactam (carbapenem) | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw |
| blaOXA-66 | 68 (61%) | blaOXA-51 variant | β-lactam (carbapenem) | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| blaOXA-91 | 10 (9%) | blaOXA-51 variant | β-lactam (carbapenem) | Viet, Myan, Thai | |
| blaOXA-23 | 90 (83%) | Ambler class D β-lactamases | β-lactam (carbapenem) | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| blaOXA-58 | 13 (12%) | Ambler class D β-lactamases | β-lactam (carbapenem) | Viet, Myan, Thai, Mala | |
| blaTEM-1 | 55 (51%) | Ambler class A β-lactamases | β-lactam | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala | |
| blaADC-25 | 108 (100%) | Ambler class C β-lactamases | β-lactam (cephalosporin) | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| blaADC-73 | 50 (46%) | Ambler class C β-lactamases | β-lactam (cephalosporin) | Viet, Myan, Thai | |
| blaNDM-1 | 9 (8.5%) | Ambler class B β-lactamases | β-lactam (carbapenem) | Viet, Myan, Thai | |
| Phenicoles | catB8 | 14 (13%) | Enzymes inactivation | Chloramphenicol | Viet, Myan, Thai, Tiaw |
| Macrolide | mph.E. | 83 (77%) | Enzymes inactivation | Macrolide | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw |
| msr.E. | 85 (79%) | Antibiotic efflux | Macrolide | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| Sulfonamides | sul1 | 31 (29%) | Antibiotic target replacement | Sulfonamide | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw |
| sul2 | 71 (66%) | Antibiotic target replacement | Sulfonamide | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| Tetracyclines | tet.39. | 15 (14%) | Antibiotic efflux | Tetracycline | Viet, Myan, Thai |
| tet.B. | 79 (73%) | Antibiotic efflux | Tetracycline | Viet, Myan, Thai, Sing, Mala, Tiaw | |
| Rifamycin | arr-2 | 14 (13%) | Rifamycin | Myan, Thai, | |
Viet (Vietnam), Myan (Myanmar), Thai (Thailand), Sing (Singapore), Mala (Malaysia), Tiaw (Taiwan).