Table 4.

Natural substances increase apoptotic cell death in GBM by downregulating apoptotic inhibitors and upregulating active caspases, which cleave PARP-1 and induce DNA fragmentation.

Effect	Substance	Cell Line	Source
Causes apoptosis	Arctigenin	U87MG, T98G	[61]
	Osthole	MOGGCCM, T98	[64]
	Xanthohumol	U87	[38]
	Rupesin E	GSC-3#, GSC-18#	[45]
	Diosmin	GBM02, GBM95	[46]
	SLCP	U87, U251	[29]
	BBR	U87, U251	[29]
	Gossypol	TS13-20, Diff13-20	[30]
	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
	Tectorigenin	GBM-8401, GBM-8901	[50]
	Diosgenin	C6, T98G	[54]
	Pisosterol	U87, U343, AHOL1, 1231N1	[60]
Causes DNA fragmentation	SLCP	U87, U251	[29]
	BBR	U87, U251	[29]
Upregulates (c-)caspase 9 (protein)	Cedrol	RG2	[33]
	Coronarin D	U251	[47]
	CP	GAMG	[36]
	McC1	GAMG	[36]
	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates caspase 3 (mRNA)	Pisosterol	U87, U343, AHOL1, 1231N1	[60]
Upregulates (c-)caspase 3 (protein)	EGCG	MO59J, U251	[42]
	Cedrol	DBTRG-05MG, RG2	[33]
	Osthole	T98	[64]
	Xanthohumol	U87, T98G, LN229	[38]
	Rupesin E	GSC-3#, GSC-18#	[45]
	Crocetin	U87, U138, U251, U373	[34]
	Diosmin	GBM02, GBM95	[46]
	Coronarin D	U251	[47]
	CP	GAMG	[36]
	McC1	GAMG, U251	[36]
	SLCP	U87, U251	[29]
	BBR	U87, U251	[29]
	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
	Betulinic Acid	U251, LN229	[48]
	Resveratrol	U87	[51]
	Quercetin	U87	[51]
	GL-PP	U251	[59]
	Pisosterol	U87, U343, AHOL1, 1231N1	[60]
Upregulates (c-)PARP (protein)	Cedrol	RG2	[33]
	Xanthohumol	U87	[38]
	Coronarin D	U251	[47]
	CP	U251	[36]
	McC1	GAMG, U251	[36]
	Gossypol	TS13-20, Diff13-20	[30]
	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Downregulates PARP-1 (protein)	Diosgenin	C6, T98G	[54]
Downregulates ICAD (protein)	Diosgenin	C6, T98G	[54]
Upregulates Bax (protein)	SLCP	U87, U251	[29]
	BBR	U87, U251	[29]
	Diosgenin	C6, T98G	[54]
Downregulates Bcl-2 (mRNA)	Pisosterol	U87, U343, AHOL1, 1231N1	[60]
Downregulates Bcl-2 (protein)	Diosgenin	C6, T98G	[54]
	Pisosterol	U87, U343, AHOL1, 1231N1	[60]
Upregulates Bad (protein)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates Bim (protein)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Depolarizes MMP	Coronarin D	U251	[47]
	CP	U251	[36]
	McC1	U251	[36]
	Gossypol	TS13-20	[30]
	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates ROS	Coronarin D	U251	[47]
	SLCP	U87, U251	[29]
	BBR	U87, U251	[29]
Upregulates cytochrome c (protein)	SLCP	U87, U251	[29]
	BBR	U87, U251	[29]
Upregulates GRP78 (mRNA)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates GRP78 (protein)	EGCG	MO59J	[42]
Upregulates ATF4 (mRNA)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates ATF4 (protein)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
	EGCG	U251	[42]
Upregulates ATF6 (mRNA)	Withaferin A	U251	[40]
Upregulates XBP1 (mRNA)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates XBP1 (protein)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates CHOP (mRNA)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates CHOP (protein)	Withaferin A	U87, U251	[40]
Upregulates Bax (protein)	Cedrol	DBTRG-05MG	[33]