Table 1.
Physicochemical parameters of different types of honey from Romania.
| Honey Variety | Water Content, % | Glucose, g/100 g | Fructose, g/100 g | Sucrose, g/100 g | G/F | G/W | Conductivity, mS/cm | HMF, mg/kg | Diastase Activity, (°) | Viscosity, Pa·s | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rapeseed | Mean ± SD | 17.63 ± 0.36 | 41.31 ± 0.38 | 29.36 ± 0.53 | 1.80 ± 0.44 | 1.41 ± 0.03 | 2.34 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 1.98 ± 0.74 | 15.48 ± 1.13 | 10.51 ± 0.07 |
| Min | 16.7 | 39.79 | 27.39 | 0.56 | 1.32 | 2.18 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 11.36 | 9.79 | |
| Max | 19 | 42.27 | 31.07 | 3.15 | 1.51 | 2.47 | 0.19 | 4.47 | 18.3 | 11.59 | |
| Black locust | Mean ± SD | 17.96 ± 0.55 | 27.03 ± 0.61 | 43.60 ± 0.95 | 1.96 ± 0.49 | 0.61 ± 0.04 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 1.99 ± 0.75 | 20.39 ± 1.40 | 4.30 ± 0.02 |
| Min | 16.3 | 25.13 | 40.18 | 0.76 | 0.54 | 1.39 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 16.49 | 3.58 | |
| Max | 19.5 | 29.16 | 47.48 | 3.04 | 0.69 | 1.56 | 0.35 | 4.14 | 24.18 | 5.09 | |
| Sunflower | Mean ± SD | 17.34 ± 0.30 | 34.76 ± 0.05 | 34.51 ± 0.17 | 2.32 ± 0.59 | 0.82 ± 0.18 | 2.00 ± 0.15 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 2.10 ± 0.12 | 17.71 ± 0.45 | 7.45 ± 0.05 |
| Min | 16.5 | 34.7 | 33.82 | 0.78 | 0.1 | 1.93 | 0.28 | 0.72 | 13.86 | 7.02 | |
| Max | 17.9 | 34.98 | 34.71 | 3.82 | 1.03 | 2.1 | 0.47 | 4.11 | 21.06 | 7.87 | |
| Buckwheat | Mean ± SD | 16.18 ± 0.08 | 28.58 ± 0.09 | 42.28 ± 0.07 | 2.29 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 1.76 ± 0.09 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 2.27 ± 0.05 | 17.16 ± 0.37 | 8.63 ± 0.06 |
| Min | 15.9 | 28.35 | 42.02 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 1.73 | 0.3 | 1.38 | 14.99 | 8.05 | |
| Max | 16.4 | 28.87 | 42.47 | 3.63 | 0.68 | 1.81 | 0.49 | 3.17 | 19.24 | 9.21 | |
| Mint | Mean ± SD | 17.24 ± 0.41 | 35.22 ± 0.06 | 33.35 ± 0.10 | 2.71 ± 0.07 | 1.054 ± 0.02 | 2.04 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 1.83 ± 0.11 | 16.85 ± 0.99 | 6.25 ± 0.09 |
| Min | 16.2 | 35.05 | 33.04 | 2.16 | 1.04 | 1.93 | 0.36 | 0.78 | 15.08 | 5.23 | |
| Max | 18.2 | 35.37 | 33.55 | 3.51 | 1.07 | 2.17 | 0.42 | 2.88 | 20.04 | 6.93 | |
| Dandelion | Mean ± SD | 16.76 ± 0.15 | 33.32 ± 0.25 | 36.78 ± 0.45 | 0.67 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.18 | 1.98 ± 0.09 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 2.51 ± 0.02 | 17.20 ± 0.24 | 7.37 ± 0.07 |
| Min | 16.4 | 33.22 | 36.69 | 0.19 | 0.9 | 1.94 | 0.27 | 0.96 | 16.83 | 6.89 | |
| Max | 17.1 | 33.45 | 36.83 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 2.04 | 0.43 | 3.94 | 18.14 | 7.89 | |
| Meadow | Mean ± SD | 17.10 ± 0.33 | 37.10 ± 0.12 | 32.15 ± 0.23 | 0.25 ± 0.10 | 1.15 ± 0.09 | 2.17 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 22.68 ± 0.32 | 7.45 ± 0.04 |
| Min | 16.3 | 36.42 | 32.04 | 0.12 | 1.12 | 2.03 | 0.48 | 0.14 | 21.98 | 6.03 | |
| Max | 17.9 | 37.52 | 32.33 | 0.46 | 1.17 | 2.29 | 0.55 | 0.43 | 23.47 | 8.13 | |
| Raspberry | Mean ± SD | 17.36 ± 0.19 | 34.28 ± 0.31 | 35.41 ± 0.26 | 0.68 ± 0.12 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 1.97 ± 0.32 | 0.51 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.05 | 21.40 ± 0.30 | 6.69 ± 0.11 |
| Min | 16.8 | 33.64 | 34.92 | 0.32 | 0.94 | 1.88 | 0.46 | 0.18 | 18.25 | 6.06 | |
| Max | 17.9 | 35.61 | 35.77 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 2.06 | 0.56 | 1.26 | 24.28 | 7.04 | |
Values are expressed as means ± SD, n = 6; SD, standard deviations; Min, minimum value; Max, maximum value; G/F, glucose to fructose ratio; G/W, glucose to water content ratio.