MDC	Microbiota-disrupting chemicals
NGP	Next-generation probiotics
GIT	Gastrointestinal tract
PCOS	Polycystic ovary syndrome
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
WHO	World Health Organization
ICT	Interventional clinical trials
PCS	Preclinical studies
DC	Dendritic cells
IL	Interleukin
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
TLR2	Toll-like receptor 2
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor
WGS	Whole genome sequencing
NGS	New-generation sequencing
AN	Anorexia nervosa
HC	Healthy control
HL	Hyperlipidemia
HT	Hypertension
LH	Lean healthy
MetS	Metabolic syndrome
MHNO	Metabolically healthy non-obese
MHO	Metabolically healthy obese
MUNO	Metabolically unhealthy non-obese
MUO	Metabolically unhealthy obese
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NASH	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
OB	Obese
OBH	Obese healthy
OBT2D	Obese type 2 diabetes
OW	Overweight
RISK1	Patients with only one disease
RISK2	Patients with two disease
RISK3	Patients with three disease
SS	Simple steatosis
T1D	Type 1 diabetes
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
TSNO	Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetes mice
TSOD	Tsumura Suzuki non obesity mice
BPA	Bisphenol A
BPS	Bisphenol S
YCFA	Yeast-extract-casein hydrolysate-fatty acids
GAM	Gifu anaerobic medium
BHI	Brain–heart infusion
EMB	Eosin methylene blue
LBS	Lactobacillus selection
GMM	Gut microbiota medium
MRS	Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
rRNA	Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
OTU	Operational taxonomic unit
EU	European Union
Ph. Eur.	European Pharmacopoeia
US	United States
GRAS	Generally recognized as safe
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
EFSA	European Food Safety Authority
QPS	Qualified presumption of safety
EMA	European Medicines Agency
MHLW	Ministry of Health and Welfare
FOSHU	Food for specified health use
FUFOSE	Functional food science in Europe
SFDA	State Food and Drug Administration
DSHEA	Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
BLA	Biologic license application
CFIA	The Canadian Food Inspection Agency
GMP	Good manufacturing practice
CFU	Colony-forming units
OA	Open access