Table 2.

Next-generation probiotic strains used in obesity-related clinical trials and preclinical studies.

NGP Microbial Strains, Target Species, Study Reference	Study Design	Dietary Aspects	Clinical Effects and Functionality
Akkermansia muciniphila Muc [CIP 107961]—Human [41] [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02637115]	ICT: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study Live probiotics 1010/day vs. pasteurized probiotics 1010/day vs. placebo in patients with metabolic syndrome	Normal dietary intake and physical activity during the study period	↑ Insulin sensitivity, ↓ insulinemia and ↓plasma total cholesterol
Akkermansia muciniphila WST01—Human [42] [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04797442]	ICT: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial Probiotics vs. placebo in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes	Intervention added onto lifestyle	Results will be available in June 2022
Christensenella minuta Xla1—Human [43] [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04663139]	ICT: randomized, partially placebo-controlled double-blind Probiotics vs. placebo in healthy volunteers, overweight, and obese adults	Agreement to keep food, drink, physical activities, and alcohol consumption habits unchanged throughout the study	Results will be available in October 2021
Eubacterium hallii—Human [44] [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04529473]	ICT:double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Probiotics vs. placebo	Maintenance of dietary habits and physical activity levels throughout the study period	Results will be available on January 2022
Hafnia alvei HA4597—Human [45] [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03657186]	ICT: multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Probiotics vs. placebo on weight reduction in overweight subjects	−20% hypocaloric diet and maintainance of the usual physical activity	↑ Weight loss in overweight subjects, ↑ feeling of fullness, ↑ loss of hip circumference, ↓ fasting glycemia
Lactococcus lactis NRRL-B50571—Human [46] [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02670811]	ICT: double-blind randomized controlled Probiotics vs. placebo on prehypertensive subjects	Participants were asked not to change their diet or lifestyle during the intervention	↓ Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ↓ Triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917—Human [47] [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02144948]	ICT: single group assignment. Patients with type 2 diabetes	-	Results not yet available or posted on ClinicalTrials.gov November 2021
Akkermansia muciniphila—Muc [CIP 107961]—Mice [48,49]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↓ Fat-mass gain, ↑ insulin sensitivity, restore gut barrier function by acting on TLR2, ↑ mucus later thickness; similar effects by a purified membrane protein alone (Amuc_1100)
Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1—Mice [50]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↓ Lipid accumulation in liver and serum, ↓ insulin levels, ↑ glucose tolerance, ↑ insulin sensitivity, ↓ TNF-α and ↑ IL-10 and IL-22 in colon
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii VPI C13-20-A—Mice [51]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↑ Hepatic health, ↓ adipose tissue inflammation
Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771– Mice [52]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↓ Weight gain; ↓ dietary fat absorption; ↓ liver steatosis; ↓ serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin and leptin; ↑ glucose tolerance; ↑ TNF-α by DCs after LPS stimulation;↑ phagocytosis
Parabacteroides goldsteinii JCM 13446—Mice [53]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↓ Obesity by ↑ adipose tissue thermogenesis, ↑ intestinal integrity ↓ inflammation, ↑ insulin sensitivity
Christensenella minuta—Mice [54]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↓ Weight gain, ↓ adiposity. Highly heritable in a lean host phenotype
Eubacterium hallii DSM 17630—Mice [55]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Diabetes	High-fat diet/standard diet	↑ Energy metabolism and ↑ insulin sensitivity through glycerol conversion 3hydroxypropionaldehyde
Hafnia alvei HA4597—Mice [56]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↑ Beneficial anti-obesity and metabolic effects, ↓ food intake, ↓ body weight and ↓ fat mass gain
Lactococcus lactis (GMM) LL-pCYT: HSP65-6P277 and LL-pHJ—Mice [57]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	↓ Antigen-specific of cellular immunity
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN-GMM)– Mice [58]	PCS: probiotics vs. control. Obesity	High-fat diet/standard diet	Modulation of the neuropeptide expression of energy intake and expenditure in the hypothalamus

NGP tested with anti-obesity effects; DC: dendritic cells; IL: interleukin; ICT: interventional clinical trials; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; PCS: preclinical studies; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.