Table 3.
Clinical trials and variations of the main microbiota taxa found in specimens from patients suffering metabolic- and endocrine-related diseases.
| Reference | Subjects and Disease |
Dietary Aspects | Sample Size and Clinical Traits | Detection Technique | Microbial Taxa Modifications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhong et al. [66] | Human Obesity |
NA | N = 382; MHNO n = 191; MUNO n = 61; MHO n = 66; MUO n = 64 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, Methanobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae in MHNO and MUNO |
| Jonduo et al. [67] | Human Obesity |
Participant’s predominantly plant-based diet: vegetables (e.g., sweet potato, cassava, plantain, and beans) |
n = 18; OB n = 9; Non-OB n = 9 | 454 GS FLX platform or 454 GS JUNIOR system (Roche) V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Prevotella in almost all individuals |
| Thingholm et al. [68] | Human Obesity |
NA | n = 1280; LH n = 633; OBH n = 494; OBT2D n = 153 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V1-V2 region of 16S rRNA gene |
↓ Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Oscillibacter, and Alistipes in obese individuals ↓ Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in obese individuals |
| Schwiertz et al. [65] | Human Obesity |
Western diet | n= 98; HC n = 30; OW n = 35; OB n = 33 | qPCR | ↑ Bacteroides in overweight vs. HC ↓ Ruminococcus flavefaciens in overweight and obese ↓ Bifidobacterium and Clostridium leptum in obese ↓ Methanobrevibacter in overweight and obese |
| Gao et al. [69] | Human Obesity |
NA | n = 192; HC n = 25; OW n = 22; OB n = 145 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Lachnoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas in OW and OB ↑ Clostridia, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_008 in HC |
| Armougom et al. [70] | Human Obesity Anorexia nervosa |
NA | n= 49; HC n = 20; OB n = 20; AN n = 9 | qPCR | ↑ Lactobacillus in OB |
| Horie et al. [71] | Mice Type 2 diabetes |
NA | 5-week-old TSNO mice n = 5; 5-week-old TSOD mice n = 5; 12-week-old TSNO mice n = 5; 12-week-old TSOD mice n = 5 | qPCR | ↑ Lactobacillus in TSOD vs. TSNO ↑ Bacteroidales and Lachnospiraceae in TSNO vs. TSOD ↑ Turicibacter and SMB53 in TSOD |
| Larsen et al. [72] | Human Type 2 diabetes |
NA | n = 36; HC n = 18; T2D n = 18 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Firmicutes in HC ↑ Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria in T2D ↓ Clostridia in T2D |
| Sedighi et al. [73] | Human Type 2 diabetes |
NA | n = 36; HC n = 18; T2D n = 18 | qPCR | ↑ Lactobacillus in T2D ↑ Bifidobacterium in HC ↑ Fusobacterium in T2D |
| Moghadam et al. [74] | Human Tipe 2 diabetes |
NA | n = 36; HC n = 18; T2D n = 18 | qPCR | ↑ Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in HC |
| Ahmad et al. [75] | Human Type 2 diabetes Obesity |
Eastern dietary habits (high carbohydrate and fat intake, low fiber intake) | n = 60; HC n = 20; Obese-T2D n = 40 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Firmicutes in Obese-T2D ↑ Clostridia, Negativicutes, Coriobacteria, Acidobacteria, Deferribacteres, and Gemmatimonadetes in obese-T2D ↑ Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Elusimicrobia in HC ↑ Prevotella P4_76, Clostridiales, Porphyromonadaceae bacterium DJF B175, Candidatus Alistipes marseilloanorexic AP11, Bacillus sporothermodurans, Staphylococcus SV3, and Iamia in obese-T2D |
| Ejtahed et al. [76] | Human Type 2 diabetes Type 1 diabetes |
NA |
n = 110; HC n = 40; T2D n = 49; T1D n = 21 |
qPCR | ↑ Escherichia, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus in T1D and T2D ↑ Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, and Bacteroides in HC ↓ Faecalibacterium in T1D vs. HC and T2D |
| Takagi et al. [77] | Human Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Hyperlipidemia |
NA |
n = 239; HC n = 54; HT n = 97; HL n = 96; T2D n = 162 |
MiSeq platform (Illumina) V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Actinobacteria in HT, HL, T2D, RISK2, and RISK3 ↓ Bacteroidetes in HT, HL, T2D and RISK3 ↑ Bifidobacterium in HL, T2D, RISK1 and RISK2 ↑ Collinsella in HT, HL, T2D, RISK2 and RISK3 ↑ Escherichia in RISK 3 ↓ Alistipes in HL |
| Wang et al. [78] | Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
Omnivorous Chinese diet | n = 126; HC n = 83; NAFLD n = 43 | 454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer FLX system (Roche) V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↓ Firmicutes ↑Bacteroidetes in NAFLD ↑ Bacteroidia ↓ Clostridia in NAFLD ↓ Coprococcus, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Moryella, Roseburia, Anaerotruncus, Ruminococcus, Anaerosporobacter, andLactobacillus in NAFLD |
| Li et al. [79] | Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
No dietary restrictions imposed | n = 67; HC n = 37; NAFLD n = 30 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V4 region of the16S rRNA gene |
↑ Lactobacillaceae,
Peptostreptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, EtOH8,
Coprobacillaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae in NAFLD ↑ Porphyromonas and Succinivibrio in NAFLD ↓ Odoribacter and Proteus in NAFLD |
| Shen et al. [80] | Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NA | n = 47; HC n = 22; NAFLD n = 25 | 454 GS-FLX platform (Roche) V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Lachnospiraceae_Incertae_Sedis and Blautia in NAFLD ↑ Bacteroidetes and Prevotella in HC ↑ Escherichia_Shigella, Clostridium_XVIII, and Staphylococcus in NAFLD |
| Raman et al. [81] | Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
No dietary restrictions imposed | n = 60; HC n = 30; NAFLD n = 30 | qPCR | ↑ Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Dorea, and Robinsoniella in NAFLD ↓Oscillibacterin NAFLD |
| Michail et al. [82] | Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Obesity |
No dietary restrictions imposed | n = 50; HC n = 26; NAFLD n = 13; Obese non-NAFLD n = 11 | qPCR | ↑ Gammaproteobacteria, Prevotella, and Epsilonproteobacteria in NAFLD ↓ Clostridia ↑ Alphaproteobacteria in obese non-NAFLD |
| Nistal et al. [83] | Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Obesity |
NA | n = 73; HC n = 20; Obese-NAFLD n = 36; Obese non-NAFLD n = 17 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Bacilli in obese-NAFLD ↓ Betaproteobacteria in obese-NAFLD vs. obese non-NAFLD ↓ Oscillospira, Akkermansia, and Eubacterium in obese-NAFLD and obese non-NAFLD vs. HC ↑ Megasphaera, Lactobacillus, Acidominococcus in obese-NAFLD, and obese non-NAFLD vs. HC ↓ Blautia, Alkaliphilus, and Flavobacterium in obese-NAFLD ↑ Staphylococcus in obese-NAFLD |
| Loomba et al. [84] | Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Fibrosis |
NA |
n= 86; NAFLD n = 72; Fibrosis n = 14 |
qPCR | ↑ Firmicutes in NAFLD, ↑ Proteobacteria in fibrosis ↑ Eubacterium rectale and Bacteroides vulgatus in NAFLD ↑ Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli in fibrosis ↓ Ruminococcus obeum, and Eubacterium rectale in fibrosis |
| Del Chierico et al. [85] |
Human Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Obesity |
NA |
n= 115; HC n = 54, OB n = 8; NAFLD n = 27; NASH n = 26 |
454- Junior Genome Sequencer FLX system (Roche) V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Bradyrhizobium, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Propionibacterium acnes, Dorea, and Ruminococcus
↓ Oscillospira and Rikenellaceae in NAFLD ↑ Ruminococcus, Dorea, and Blautia in NASH |
| Da Silva et al. [86] | Human Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Simple steatosis |
7-day food record | n = 67; HC n = 28; SS n = 15: NASH n = 24 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) | ↓ Ruminococcus, Faecalibacteriumprausnitzii, and Coprococcus in NASH and SS vs. HC |
| Mouzaki et al. [87] | Human Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Simple steatosis |
HC patients were consuming more calories per kg compared to patients with NASH | n = 50; HC n = 17; SS n = 11; NASH n = 22 | qPCR | ↓ Bacteroidetes in NASH vs. SS and HC ↑ Clostridium coccoides in NASH vs. SS |
| Zhu et al. [88] | Human Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Obesity |
NA | n= 63; HC n = 16; OB n = 25; NASH n = 22 | qPCR | ↑ Bacteroides ↓ Firmicutes in NASH and OB ↓ Blautia and Faecalibacterium in NASH and OB |
| Boursier et al. [89] | Human Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Fibrosis |
NA |
n = 57; Non-NASH n = 20 NASH n = 10; Fibrosis ≥ 2 n = 27 |
Illumina V4 region of 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Bacteroides ↓Prevotella in NASH ↑ Bacteroides and Ruminococcus in fibrosis ≥ 2 ↓ Prevotella in fibrosis ≥ 2 |
| Qin et al. [90] | Human Cirrhosis |
NA | n= 179; HC n = 83; Cirrhosis n = 96 | qPCR | ↑ Streptococcus, Veillonella, Clostridium and Prevotella in cirrhosis ↑ Eubacterium and Alistipes in HC ↓ Bacteroides in cirrhosis |
| Lim et al. [91] | Human Methabolic syndrome |
NA | n = 655; Monozygotic twins n = 306; Dizygotic twins n = 74; Siblings n = 275 | MiSeq platform (Illumina) V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene |
↑ Lactobacillus, Sutterella and Methanobrevibacter in MetS ↓ Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Odoribacter, Akkermansia and Christensenella in MetS |
Genera and species in bold letters highlight the decreased microorganisms to be considered as potential NGP to be searched, cultured and assayed for their anti-obesity modulation effects. AN: anorexia nervosa; HC: healthy control; HL: hyperlipidemia; HT: hypertension; LH: lean healthy; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MHNO: metabolically healthy non-obese; MHO: metabolically healthy obese; MUNO: metabolically unhealthy non-obese; MUO: metabolically unhealthy obese; NA: Not applicable; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; OB: obese; OBH: obese healthy; OBT2D: obese type 2 diabetes; OW: overweight; RISK1: patients with only one disease; RISK2: patients with two diseases; RISK3: patients with three diseases; SS: simple steatosis; T1D: type 1 diabetes; T2D: type 2 diabetes; TSNO: Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetes mice; TSOD: Tsumura Suzuki, Non-Obesity mice.