Table 6.

Reports on the valorization and characterization of second cheese whey.

Applications	Techniques	Results	References
Valorize ovine whey and SCW by TP/MF for obtaining whey powders Evaluate the addition of WPC and clarification by-products obtained from ovine CW and SWC on the yield and quality of the whey cheese (Requeijão)	TP/MF and UF/DF UF	Clarification of by-products improved UF treatments. Increase in yield without affecting the strength of the products	[15,17] [36]
Profile of SCW from isolated peptide fraction	LC-HRMS-based method	Wide presence of valuable potential bioactive peptides	[6]
SCW used as substrate for production of a fermented probiotic drink	Microbiology	Good results for SCW as substrate for the production of a fermented probiotic drink	[8]
SCW used for lactose production	Crystallization	Good results obtained for the crystallization process for manufacture of lactose from SCW	[96]
Recovery of SCW organic nutrients	NF	SCW fractionation can be used as a raw material in the pharmaceutical, food or paper industries and minimize the wastewater environmental impact	[34,97]
Development of SCW wastewater treatment system for biodiesel and removing polluting nutrients	Microalgae	Algae could efficiently treat SCW and can be used for biodiesel production	[102]
Zeolite used to treat SCW and remove ammonium from artificial wastewater	Continuous flow column experiment	Zeolite nitrogen from SCW can be a fertilizing agent	[21]
Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) was co-treated with SCW	Pilot-scale of biological trickling filters	Results indicate that the agro-industrial wastewater could be used as a carbon source for Cr (VI) reduction	[98]
Production of a ready to drink beverage produced from SCW with fruit puree	Culture addition	Addition of starter cultures was promising, and the addition of fruit puree improved sensory properties	[33]
Dairy effluents used to be converted in renewable sources for bioethanol production	Fermentation	Whey and SCW showed suitability for bioethanol production	[37]
Use of whey and SCW as media for the growth of LAB	Fermentation	Whey was considered a good media for LAB growth and SCW has a good potential too	[11]
Adequacy of SCW as a growth medium for lipid production	Fermentation	C. laurentii UCD 68-201, demonstrated to be a promising candidate for biodiesel production	[99]
SCW to be used as economic alternative substrate to grow microalgae	Fermentation	SCW has a very good potential to be used as a culture medium	[100]
SCW as a growth medium preserving biodiversity and maximizing bacterial cells concentration of natural starter cultures for pecorino Roman PDO cheese	Fermentation	A large concentration of cells was obtained in the modified SCW pellets, without modify the technological performance and microbial fingerprint.	[103]
Biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of cattle slurry and CW	Anaerobic digestion	The mix has a similar energetic potential for anaerobic digestion as energy crops such as maize.	[104]
Fermentation of fruit-vegetable waste and CW for the production of H2	Fermentation	Considered a promising way for combining energy generation and lignocellulosic waste management.	[105]
Co-digestion of CW and glycerin	Anaerobic digestion	CW has great potential for methane production through anaerobic biological processes. However, it presents instabilities due to its high biodegradability. It is proposed its co-digestion with glycerin.	[106]