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. 2021 May 11;10(5):424. doi: 10.3390/biology10050424

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metabolic reprogramming by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). For blood glucose and oxygen supply, IPC increases regional CBF and regulates the oxygen-delivery ability of erythrocytes through sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), in order to maintain glucose and oxygen metabolic consumption. To enhance energy reserves, IPC improves mitochondrial efficiency for cellular energy metabolism, boosts glycolysis, and stockpiles and utilizes alternative energy substrates. Meanwhile, IPC also boosts the PPP, providing an essential redox equivalent for GSH regeneration and enhancing the capacity of antioxidant defense.