Table 2.

Anti-fatigue effects of monomer compounds from P. ginseng in animal models.

Compounds	Classification	Animal Model	Effects	Reference
20(S)-protopanaxatriol	Normal fatigue	Male ICR mice	Improved performance in swimming test and rotarod test Increased glucose levels Decreased corticosterone, BLA, FFA, Cr levels and LDH activity	Oh et al. [43].
	Normal fatigue	Male ICR mice	Increased CK-MM activity	Chen et al. [44].
20(S)-protopanaxadiol	Normal fatigue	Male ICR mice	Increased glucose levels Decreased corticosterone, BLA, FFA, Cr levels and LDH activity	Oh et al. [43].
	Normal fatigue	Male ICR mice	Enhanced swimming test Increased CK-MM activity, muscle phosphocreatine and ATP levels Decreased MLA levels	Chen et al. [44].
Ginsenoside Rh2	Normal fatigue	Male ICR mice	Increased CK-MM activity	Chen et al. [44].
Panaxydol	Normal fatigue	Male SD rats	Enhanced swimming time Increased LDH activity	Shin et al. [45].
Ginsenoside Rb1	Postoperative fatigue syndrome	Male SD rats	Enhanced grip strength Increased muscle and liver glycogen level, ATP, Na+-K+-ATPase, SDH, LDH and SOD activity Decreased MDA and BLA levels	Tan et al. [46].
	Postoperative fatigue syndrome	Aged male SD rats	Improved performance in open field test Increased SOD activity Decreased MDA, ROS levels Increased expression of Nrf2 and Akt	Zhuang et al. [47].
Ginsenoside Rg3	Postoperative fatigue syndrome	Aged male SD rats	Improved performance in open field test Increased TC, TG levels and LDH, SOD, SIRT1 activity Decreased MDA levels and transcriptional activity of p53 Increased expression of PGC-1α and PEPCK	Yang et al. [48].