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The progress of in vitro to in vivo translation. It is a bottom-up research method. Through high-quality in vitro experimental data and mathematical models, more accurate predictions of in vivo outcome can be obtained. PBPK: physiologically based pharmacokinetic model; PK/PD: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model; QSP: quantitative systems pharmacology model; MPS: microphysiological system; hiPSC: human-induced pluripotent stem cell.
