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G-CSF is a multipotent agent for treating neuropathic pain. G-CSF upregulates MOR expression and autophagic activity in the injured nerve in the early phase, suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression in DRG neurons, and thereafter downregulates apoptotic activity in DRG neurons, thus attenuating neuropathic pain. (▼, Opioid; 
, Mu opioid receptor; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; →: enhance; ―|: suppress).
