Figure 2.

SEM micrographs of Gram-negative P. aeruginosa adhered to the nanopattern of the cicada wing surface differing in nanopillar tips deformation could induce: (a) a slight penetration in the bacterial envelope without affecting its shape and turgor; (b–e) an irreversible penetration into bacterial envelope resulting in total loss of turgor; (f) bacterial body perturbation. Circular and rectangular outlines are used to highlight penetration and perturbation, respectively (Scale bars 200 nm). Reprinted from The Lancet, [68], copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier.