Table 2.
Mean daily intakes and serum concentration of vitamins and correlation coefficients between intakes from the FFQ and serum vitamins.
| Nutrient Intakes (Units/Day) | FFQ Intakes |
Serum Concentration (μg/100 mL) | Pearson Correlation Coefficient * | % Agreement | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | r | r adj. | ||
| Carotenoids | |||||
| Lutein–Zeaxanthin (μg) | 2967.4 (2891) | 12.1 (3.8) | 0.35 | 0.42 | 58.3 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin (μg) | 347.2 (292) | 13.2 (8.7) | 0.33 | 0.26 | 58.3 |
| Lycopene (μg) | 4502.9 (3510) | 33.8 (15.2) | 0.31 | 0.34 | 58.3 |
| α-Carotene (μg) | 1001.4 (1135) | 7.0 (2.7) | 0.33 | 0.28 | 50.0 |
| β-Carotene (μg) | 4215.5 (3758) | 20.6 (11.3) | 0.22 | 0.23 | 54.2 |
| Average correlations for carotenoids | 0.39 | 0.40 | 55.8 | ||
| Fruit and vegetable intake vs. serum carotenoids | 594.0 (579) | 86.8 (28.3) | 0.28 | 0.29 | 50.0 |
| Vegetable intake vs. serum carotenoids | 221.0 (214) | 86.8 (28.3) | 0.24 | 0.33 | 50.0 |
| Fruit intake vs. serum carotenoids | 373.0 (440) | 86.8 (28.3) | 0.21 | 0.19 | 50.0 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 10.4 (6.8) | 933 (156) | −0.06 | 0.08 | 50.0 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake vs. serum vitamin E | 594.0 (579) | 933 (156) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 54.2 |
| Vegetable intake vs. serum vitamin E | 221.0 (214) | 933 (156) | 0.10 | 0.22 | 66.7 |
| Fruit intake vs. serum vitamin E | 373.0 (440) | 933 (156) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 45.8 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 8.3 (6.0) | 70.3 (24) | 0.05 | 0.12 | 41.7 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake vs. serum vitamin D | 594.0 (579) | 70.3 (24) | 0.19 | 0.22 | 50.0 |
| Vegetable intake vs. serum vitamin D | 221.0 (214) | 70.3 (24) | 0.12 | 0.13 | 50.0 |
| Fruit intake vs. serum vitamin D | 373.0 (440) | 70.3 (24) | 0.22 | 0.23 | 45.8 |
r: coefficient correlations for log-transformed nutrient intakes and serum carotenoids and vitamin levels. r adj: coefficient correlations for energy-adjusted nutrient intakes and cholesterol-adjusted serum carotenoids and vitamins. * Coefficients higher than 0.20 resulted in statistically significant results in this study (p < 0.05).