Table 1.
Effect of propolis from several parts of the world on various Staphylococcus species.
| Propolis Origin | Bacterial Species | Activity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil (red, green, and brown propolis from different regions) | S. aureus | Red extracts showed highest activity compared with green and brown extracts (MIC: 25–200 μg/mL both propolis) | [30] |
| Poland | Twelve MSSA and MRSA clinical isolates | Displayed variable effectiveness against twelve clinical isolates (MBC: 0.78–3.13 mg/mL) | [32] |
| Germany, Ireland, and Czech Republic | S. aureus, MRSA, and S. epidermidis | The three propolis showed moderate antibacterial activity (MIC: 0.08–2.5 mg/mL) | [28] |
| Italy | Staphylococcus spp. and S. aureus | Propolis (MIC: 0.31–2.5 mg/mL) showed inhibitory action on the lipase activity of 18 Staphylococcus spp. and an inhibition on coagulase of 11 S. aureus strains; showed inhibition of adhesion and consequent biofilm growth of S. aureus | [33] |
| Serbia (53 samples from different regions; blue and orange propolis) | S. aureus | All propolis samples showed antibacterial activity, with orange-type (0.1–14.7 mg/mL) showing higher activity than blue-type propolis samples (1.8–12.9 mg/mL) | [34] |
MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration.