Table 12.

Anti-trypanosome activity of different propolis and its chemical composition.

Propolis Origin	Parasitic Species	Identified Compounds	Activity	Ref.
Brazil	T. cruzi	N.I.	Activity on T. cruzi trypomastigotes.	[30]
		N.I.	Effective on the three forms of the parasite strongly inhibits infection levels promoting lysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes, diminishing the number of parasites in peritoneal macrophages and infected heart muscle cells (0.1–0.75 mg/mL)	[128]
		Caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, pantenoic acid, ferulic acid, linoleic acid, amyrin, pinostobin	In vitro effect against T. cruzi (0.4–1.4 mg/mL)	[129,130]
		3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-8-prenyl-2H-1-benzopyran.	Propolis (2.64 mg/mL) and its compounds (0.73–1.2 mg/mL) identified showed anti-trypanosome effects	[131]
Brazil and Bulgaria		N.I.	Both propolis (0.015–1.5 mg/mL) showed activity against T. cruzi, diminishing the infection and the intracellular replication of amastigotes; in epimastigotes, the main targets are the mitochondrion and reservosomes	[132]
Bulgaria (two different samples)		Caffeic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid, pinocembrin, chrysin, pinostrobin	Both samples of propolis had great inhibition effect mainly on T. cruzi epimastigotes (48.6–84.8 mg/mL); effect on trypomastigotes (160.5–1065.8 mg/mL) was similar to that of the reference drug	[133]
Bulgaria	T. cruzi-infected mice.	N.I.	Reduced parasitemia and showed no toxic hepatic or renal effect, decreased spleen mass, modulated the initial inflammatory reaction, favored a greater number of CD8+, and partially inhibited the increase in CD4 (50mg/Kg)	[134]
Brazil		N.I.	Reduced parasitemia enhanced the survival of the animals, and did not induce any hepatic, muscular lesion, or renal toxicity (25–300 mg/Kg)	[135]

N.I. = none identified.