Table 16.

Anthelmintic activity of propolis and its chemical composition.

Propolis Origin	Parasitic Species	Identified Compounds	Activity	Ref.
Egypt	F. gigantica	Diprenyl-dihydrocoumaric acids, coumarate esters, ferulate esters, hydroxy acetophenones, furanon derivative, furofuran lignans, benzofuran lignans, and valeric acids derivatives	Alteration in the architecture, inhibitory activity on the viability and hatchability of immature helminths (10–800 μg/mL)	[170,171]
	S. mansoni-infected mice	N.I.	Propolis administration (500 mg/kg) not eliminated the worms of infected mice, but significantly reduced the hepatic granuloma number, hepatic, splenic and plasma MPO activity, as well the liver and thymus NO levels; also, regulation of plasma antioxidant proteins evidenced by decrease in MDA and normalization of GSH	[172]
Turkey	E. granulosus	N.I.	Propolis (1 µg/mL) killed all the protoscoleces	[173]
Brazil (essential oil of red propolis)	T. cati	N.I.	Have 100% larvicidal effect after treatment (1 µg/mL) of 48 h and can suppress the ability of the treated T. cati larvae to infect the mice	[174]
Libya (five different samples)	T. spiralis	Cycloartanol, mangiferolic acid, agathadiol, isocupressic acid, isoagatholal	All propolis samples (4.7–59.3 μg/mL) showed moderate activity	[175]

N.I., none identified; MPO, myeloperoxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; GSH, glutathione.