Table 17.

Antiviral activity of different samples of propolis.

Propolis Origin	Viral Species	Activity	Ref.
Czech Republic (aqueous and ethanolic extract)	HSV-2	Both propolis (0.0005–0.005%) decreased the infection and exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent antiviral effect; high antiviral effect when viruses were pretreated prior to infection	[188]
United States, Brazil, and China	HIV-1.	Three propolis inhibited viral expression in CD4+ lymphocytes and microglial cell in a concentration-dependent manner; propolis from United States suppressed cell fusion in cultures of CD4+ lymphocytes (0.8–66.6 μg/mL)	[189]
Brazil (13 different samples)	Influenza virus.	Four samples had anti-influenza virus effect in vitro (10–149.2 μg/mL)	[190]
	Influenza virus-infected mice.	Only one propolis sample (10 mg/mL) effectively prolonged the lifetimes of infected mice; anti-influenza effectiveness of propolis in mice was dose-dependent
Brazil (13 different samples)	HSV-1-infected mice	The three propolis had direct anti-HSV-1 effects, stimulated immunological effect on intradermal HSV-1 infection in mice (0.4, 2, and 10 mg/mL)	[191]