Figure 1.

Stop-change task design. (a) Schematic of stop-change task. Following the house lights rats made a nose poke for 1000 ms before a light cue was illuminated on either the right or left side. On 80% of trials (GO trials) this light corresponded to the correct direction that the rat needed to move in order to receive reward. On 20% of trials a second light was illuminated after the initial GO cue directing the rat to inhibit their initial response to the first cue in favor of making a response in the direction of the second cue. (b) Illustration of GO (Blue), STOP (red), STOP-error (dashed red) trial types. (c,d) Percent correct and movement times for sequence effects. Sequence effects are reflected by the current trial type being capitalized (i.e., ‘G’ for GO; ‘S’ for STOP), and the trial type the came before the current trial type being lower case (i.e., ‘g’ for GO; ‘s’ for STOP). gG would be read as a GO trial that preceded by a GO trial. The four possible trial type are: gG = go, go; sG = stop, go; sG = stop, go; sS = stop, stop. Percent correct and movement times were averaged over sessions. Error bars represent ±SEM. (e) Movement times on correct and error GO and STOP trials. (f) Schematic of major brain regions discussed in this review (mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; DMS = dorsomedial striatum; BLA = basolateral amygdala; RN = red nucleus; VTA = ventral tegmental area). Measurements relative to bregma. Figure 1c–e were adapted from Brockett et al., 2020 [15].