Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics and anthropometrics of the children by village.
| Village | All | Mzula | Chinoje | Tindiga | Mhenda-Kitunduweta | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | Chamwino | Kilosa | ||||
| Children, N | 666 | 167 | 166 | 169 | 164 | |
| Age, years 1 | 7.3 (6.4, 8.1) | 7.4 (6.5, 8.1) | 7.1 (6.4, 8) | 7.2 (6.4, 8) | 7.3 (6.4, 8.3) | 0.488 |
| 5y (4.6–5.9y) 2 | 12.0 (80) | 9.0 (15) | 12.7 (21) | 14.2 (24) | 12.2 (20) | |
| 6y (6.0–6.9y) | 30.0 (200) | 27.5 (46) | 31.3 (52) | 30.2 (51) | 31.1 (51) | |
| 7y (7.0–7.9y) | 27.8 (185) | 30.5 (51) | 28.9 (48) | 29.0 (49) | 22.6 (37) | 0.196 |
| 8y (8.0–8.9y) | 19.7 (131) | 20.4 (34) | 20.5 (34) | 13.0 (22) | 25.0 (41) | |
| 9y (9.0–10.1y) | 10.5 (70) | 12.6 (21) | 6.6 (11) | 13.6 (23) | 9.1 (15) | |
| Sex, female = 1 | 54.7 (364) | 53.9 (90) | 53.0 (88) | 58.0 (98) | 53.7 (88) | 0.791 |
| Family size | 5 (4, 7) | 5 (4, 7) a | 6 (5, 7) b | 5 (4, 6.5) a | 5 (4, 7) a | 0.037 |
| Mother literate, =1 | 56.9 (379) | 55.1 (92) | 56.0 (93) | 52.1 (88) | 64.6 (106) | 0.117 |
| HAZ 3 | −1.42 ± 1.05 | −1.39 ± 1.0 | −1.32 ± 1.10 | −1.37 ± 1.06 | −1.60 ± 1.03 | 0.089 |
| Stunting | 28.1 (187) | 25.7 (43) | 25.3 (42) | 26.6 (45) | 34.8 (57) | 0.181 |
| WAZ | −1.11 ± 0.95 | −1.25 ± 0.93 | −1.09 ± 1.03 | −1.0 ± 0.94 | −1.09 ± 0.91 | 0.099 |
| Underweight | 14.4 (96) | 16.8 (28) | 13.9 (23) | 11.2 (19) | 15.9 (26) | 0.485 |
| BAZ | −0.28 ± 0.78 | −0.52 ± 0.73 c | −0.31 ± 0.88 b,c | −0.18 ± 0.73 a,b | −0.08 ± 0.71 a | <0.001 |
| Wasting/Thinness | 0.8 (5) | 0.0 (0) a | 3.0 (5) b | 0.0 (0) a | 0.0 (0) a | 0.002 |
| Overweight | 5.0 (33) | 2.4 (4) a | 2.4 (4) a | 7.1 (12) b | 7.9 (13) b | 0.007 |
| Obese | 0.2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.6 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.389 |
| Malaria, =1 | 30.7 (205) | 16.7 (28) a | 21.1 (35) a | 34.9 (59) b | 50.6 (83) c | <0.001 |
| Diarrhoea, =1 | 20.7 (138) | 18.5 (31) | 22.9 (38) | 16.0 (27) | 25.6 (42) | 0.127 |
Data are median (25th and 75th percentile) 1, percentage (number) 2, mean (SD) 3, and all such values. p values: Kruskal–Wallis, Chi-square test (prevalence) or One-Way ANOVA as appropriate. Villages not sharing a superscript letter (a,b,c) are significantly different (p < 0.05) to each other (Mann–Whitney U and Tukey HSD tests for continuous variables and Chi-square test for prevalence). MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; HAZ, height-for-age Z-score; stunting, HAZ< −2SD; WAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; underweight, WAZ < −2SD; BAZ, BMI-for-age Z-score; wasting/thinness, BAZ< −2SD; overweight, 1SD < BAZ ≤ 2SD; obese, BAZ > 2SD [20]; malaria, reported in the last 3 months and diarrhoea, reported in the last 4 weeks.