Table 3.
Calculated macro- and micronutrient intake from 24 h recalls of children by village.
| Village | All | Mzula | Chinoje | Tindiga | Mhenda-Kitunduweta | RNI/AMDR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | Chamwino | Kilosa | ||||
| Children, N | 666 | 167 | 166 | 169 | 164 | |
| Energy, EN (Kcal) 1 | 898 (579, 1296) | 715 (469, 1003) a | 550 (370, 759) b | 1181 (865, 1505) c | 1215 (979, 1559) c | 1250–1975 |
| EN ≥ RNI, % (n) 2 | 10.2 (68) | 3.6 (6) a | 3.0 (5) a | 17.2 (29) b | 17.1 (28) b | |
| Protein (g) | 20 (12.8, 32.4) | 16.9 (11.1, 25.7) a | 12.7 (8.7, 17.1) b | 25.3 (18.0, 37.8) c | 32.2 (21.9, 48.9) d | |
| EN by Protein (%) | 11 (9, 14) | 12 (9, 14) a | 12 (11, 14) b | 9 (7, 12) c | 11 (9, 14) d | 10–30% |
| Fat (g) | 19.2 (9.3, 29.1) | 13.7 (7.9, 23.9) a | 7.2 (4.0, 13.7) b | 25.6 (17.4, 41.2) c | 24.0 (16.2, 35.1) c | |
| EN by fat (%) | 19 (13, 24) | 22 (14, 29) a | 14 (10, 21) b | 20 (16, 25) c | 18 (13, 24) c | 25–35% |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 144.1 (81.2, 218) | 106.2 (68.9, 139) a | 66.3 (42.4, 107) b | 203.2 (154.8, 255) c | 215.2 (170.9, 270)c | |
| EN by CHO (%) | 71 (64, 76) | 67 (59, 76) a | 73.50 (66, 77) b | 71 (66, 75) c | 71 (64, 76) c | 45–65% |
| vitamin A (µg) | 183 (65, 392) | 253 (121, 441) a | 255 (158, 424) a | 141 (21, 456) b | 90 (26, 236) c | 450/500 |
| RE ≥ RNI, % (n) | 19.1 (127) | 21.6 (36) a | 22.3 (37) a | 21.9 (37) a | 10.4 (17) b | |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.2, 2.6) a | 0 (0, 0.5) b | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) c | 1.1 (0.8, 2.3) a | 5/7 |
| α-TE ≥ RNI, % (n) | 4.8 (32) | 7.2 (12) | 2.4 (4) | 3 (5) | 6.7 (11) | |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) a | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) b | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) b | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) c | 0.6/0.9 |
| B1 ≥ RNI, % (n) | 24.9 (166) | 24.0 (40) a | 13.9 (23) b | 17.2 (29) a,b | 45.1 (74) c | |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) a | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) a | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) b | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) c | 0.6/0.9 |
| B2 ≥ RNI, % (n) | 24.8 (165) | 26.9 (45) a | 28.3 (47) a | 13.0 (22) b | 31.1 (51) a | |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) a | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) a | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) b | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) c | 0.6/1.0 |
| B6 ≥ RNI, % (n) | 46.2 (308) | 38.9 (65) a | 36.7 (61) a | 46.7 (79) a | 62.8 (103) b | |
| B12 (µg) | 0 (0, 0.3) | 0 (0, 0) a | 0 (0, 0) a | 0 (0, 0.9) b | 0.1 (0, 2.2) b | 1.2/1.8 |
| B12 ≥ RNI, % (n) | 14.0 (93) | 6.0 (10) a | 1.2 (2) b | 21.3 (36) c | 27.4 (45) c | |
| Folic acid (µg) | 201 (128, 291) | 206 (134, 281) a | 174 (116, 237) a | 178 (117, 285) a | 258 (160, 363) b | 200/300 |
| FA ≥ RNI, % (n) | 33.8 (225) | 31.1 (52) a,b | 21.7 (36) b | 32.0 (54) a | 50.6 (83) c | |
| Ascorbic acid (mg) | 7.8 (1.5, 30.2) | 3.3 (0.9, 9.3) a | 1.6 (0.7, 6.9) a | 15.9 (5.9, 39.1) b | 24.5 (9.5, 47.1) c | 30/35 |
| AA ≥ RNI, % (n) | 23.1 (154) | 14.4 (24) a | 12 (20) a | 31.4 (53) b | 34.8 (57) b | |
| Calcium (mg) | 309 (133, 671) | 471 (242, 801) a | 512 (322, 763) a | 155 (77, 341) b | 175 (86, 490) b | 600/700 |
| Ca ≥ RNI, % (n) | 26 (173) | 32.9 (55) a | 35.5 (59) a | 13.0 (22) b | 22.6 (37) c | |
| Iron (mg) | 11.5 (7.6, 18.6) | 15.9 (10.9, 22.7) a | 18.4 (13.1, 24.7) a | 7.2 (5.3, 9.6) b | 8.8 (6.2, 13) c | 6/9 |
| Iron ≥ RNI, % (n) | 73.7 (491) | 89.2 (149) a | 95.8 (159) b | 46.7 (79) c | 63.4 (104) d | |
| Zinc (mg) | 4.9 (3.5, 6,5) | 4.7 (3.3, 6.6) a | 4.4 (3.3, 5.9) a | 4.7 (3.5, 6.3) a | 5.5 (4.2, 8.1) b | 10.3/11.3 |
| Zinc ≥ RNI, % (n) | 4.7 (31) | 4.8 (8) | 4.8 (8) | 1.8 (3) | 7.3 (12) | |
| Magnesium (mg) | 163 (101, 242) | 186 (106, 283) a | 158 (96, 251) a,b | 141 (91, 211) b | 175 (121, 249) a | 73/100 |
| Mg ≥ RNI, % (n) | 80.3 (535) | 79 (132) | 78.9 (131) | 76.9 (130) | 86.6 (142) | |
Figures are median (25th and 75th percentile) 1 and percentage (number) 2, and all such values. RE, retinol equivalent; α-TE, α-tocopherol equivalent (=vitamin E equivalent). Cut-offs for total energy requirement, adjusted for age, gender (boys and girls) and moderate levels of habitual physical activity were taken from the FAO/WHO/UNU [24]. For macronutrients, the percentage total energy intake (%EN) from proteins, total fat, and carbohydrates was evaluated using the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) following the Institute of Medicine [25]. RNI/day, recommended daily nutrient intake regarding micronutrient adjusted for age (4–6, 7–9 years), and gender following the WHO recommendations [33]; for zinc, the low bioavailability was applied, and for iron, the 10% bioavailability was applied. Differences between the villages were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests for continuous variables and a Chi-square test for prevalence; all p values are < 0.001, except for % RE ≥ RNI = 0.013, % α-TE ≥ RNI = 0.082, % B2 ≥ RNI = 0.001, % Zinc ≥ RNI = 0.122, % Mg ≥ RNI = 0.128, and magnesium [mg] = 0.002; villages not sharing a superscript letter (a,b,c,d) are significantly different (p < 0.05) to each other.