Table 5.
Determinants of stunting, underweight, and overweight in Chamwino and Kilosa district.
| Chamwino | Kilosa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HAZ < −2SD (25.5%) N = 85 | WAZ < −2SD (15.3) N = 51 | BMI > 1SD (2.7%) N = 9 | HAZ < −2SD (30.6%) N = 102 | WAZ < −2SD (13.5%) N = 45 | BMI > 1SD (7.5%) N = 25 | |
| Age, years | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) | 2.94 (1.77, 4.88) * | 0.36 (0.14, 0.97) | 1.93 (1.26, 2.98) | 0.32 (0.17, 0.60) * | |
| WAZ < −2SD | 23.8 (10.7, 53.0) * | 29.2 (11.0, 77.0) * | ||||
| HAZ < −2SD | 30.5 (10.7, 86.5) * | 20.4 (6.97, 58.9) * | ||||
| MUAC, cm | 0.11 (0.05, 0.23) * | 7.87 (3.10, 20.0) * | 0.18 (0.10, 0.33) * | 7.20 (3.74, 13.8) * | ||
| ID adj., =1 (yes) | 4.53 (1.37, 15.0) | |||||
| VAD, =1 (yes) | 2.09 (1.12, 3.90) | |||||
| ZnD, =1 (yes) | 6.46 (0.99, 42.18) | |||||
| β-Cryptoxanthin, µmol/L | 0.10 (0.01, 0.75) | |||||
| Lutein-zeaxanth., µmol/L | 5.91 (1.32, 26.5) | |||||
| B6 intake ≥ RNI, =1 | 12.3 (2.24, 68.0) | |||||
| R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.369 | 0.640 | 0.546 | 0.298 | 0.613 | 0.576 |
Multiple logistic regression models with a forward approach; values are Exp (B) = odds ratio, and 95% CI; all factors at p < 0.05, except * p < 0.001. ID adj. = 1: iron deficiency (ferritin adjusted), yes vs. no = 0; VAD = 1: vitamin A deficiency, yes vs. no = 0; ZnD = 1: zinc deficiency, vs. no = 0. Variables in the initial models included age, sex, reported malaria (in the last 3 months) or diarrhoea (in the last 4 weeks), family size (number of persons in the HH), mother’s literature status (can read and write = 1), HAZ < −2SD, WAZ < −2SD, anaemia (=1), MN deficiencies: ID, VAD, ZnD, serum micronutrients (e.g., β-carotene), and sufficient dietary intakes of assessed MNs (e.g., iron or vitamins ≥ RNI). HAZ < −2SD, stunting; WAZ < −2SD, underweight; BMI > 1SD, overweight; VAD = 1, vitamin A deficiency, ID = 1, iron deficiency, ZnD = 1, zinc deficiency.