Table 1.

Regulators that affect mitochondrial dynamics in various experimental models of diabetic nephropathy.

Experimental Models: In Vivo and In Vitro	Phenotypes on Mitochondria	Regulator for Mitochondrial Dynamics in Diabetic Nephropathy Progression	References
db/db mice STZ-treated mice Podocyte Glomerular endothelial cell	Increased mitochondrial fission Increased Drp1 expression Increased p-Drp1 at Ser600	Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) ROCK1 deletion: Suppression of renal injury	[57]
STZ-treated rat Rat glomerular mesangial cell Human proximal tubular cell	Increased mitochondrial fission Increased ROS production Increased Drp1 expression Decreased Mfn1 expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) PGC-1α knockdown: Suppression of renal injury	[61,79]
STZ-treated mice Human proximal tubular cell	Increased mitochondrial fission Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential Increased ROS production Increased apoptosis Increased Drp1, Fis1 expression Decreased Mfn2 expression	Myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) MIOX overexpression: Suppression of renal injury	[66]
STZ-treated mice Human renal mesangial cell	Increased mitochondrial fission Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential Increased ROS production Increased cytochrome c release Increased apoptosis Increased Drp1, Mff expression Decreased Mfn1, Opa1 expression	Dual-specificity protein phosphatase-1 (DUSP1) DUSP1 overexpression: Suppression of renal injury	[68]
Human DN Patient Human proximal tubular cell	Increased mitochondrial fission Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential Increased ROS production Increased cytochrome c release Increased apoptosis Increased Drp1, Fis1 expression Decreased Mfn1 expression	p66 Src homologous-collagen homologue (p66Shc) p66Shc knockdown: Suppression of renal injury	[71]
STZ-treated mice Human renal mesangial cell	Increased mitochondrial fission Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential Increased ROS production Increased cytochrome c release Increased apoptosis Increased Drp1, Mff expression Decreased Mfn1 expression	Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) NR4A1 deletion: Suppression of renal injury	[72]
STZ-treated mice Human proximal tubular cell	Increased mitochondrial fission Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential Increased ROS production Increased cytochrome c release Increased apoptosis Increased Drp1, Fis1 expression Increased p-Drp1 level Decreased Mfn1, Mfn2 expression	Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) HIF-1α deletion: Enhancement of renal injury	[75]
Human proximal tubular cell	Increased mitochondrial fusion Decreased mitochondrial respiration Decreased ROS-induced apoptosis Decreased ATP interaction with Mfn1, Mfn2	Induced in high glucose-1 (IHG-1) IHG-1 overexpression: Protection from apoptosis in kidney cells	[80]
Human DN Patient Harlequin mice Human proximal tubular cell	Increased mitochondrial fusion Increased Mfn1, Mfn2 expression Increased Opa1 expression	Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) AIF knockdown: Display renal injury	[63]