Table 2.

Studies on the physiological function of pharmacological agents in diabetic nephropathy.

Pharmacological Agents	Diabetic Nephropathy Models	Phenotypes	References
Midivi1 (Drp1 inhibitor)	db/db mice Mouse podocyte	Decreased p-Drp1 expression Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[59]
AICAR & Metformin (PGC-1γ activator)	Human proximal tubular cell	Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Decreased apoptosis Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[79]
CQ & AQ (AMPK activator)	STZ-induced mice Human proximal tubular cell	Decreased Drp1 expression Increased Mfn1 expression Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Decreased apoptosis Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[93]
Sitagliptin (DPP-4 inhibitor)	STZ-induced mice Human proximal tubular cell	Decreased Drp1, p-Drp1 expression Increased Mfn2, Opa1 expression Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential Decreased apoptosis Decreased cytochrome c release Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[96]
Formoterol (β2-AR agonist)	db/db mice Human proximal tubular cell	Decreased Drp1 expression Increased Mfn1, Mfn2 expression Increased ATP	[99]
SS31 (Antioxidant mitochondrial-targeted peptide)	STZ-induced mice Human proximal tubular cell	Decreased Drp1 expression Increased Mfn1 expression Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential Decreased apoptosis Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[100]
Melatonin (Mitochondrial-targeted agent)	ZDF rat	Decreased Drp1 expression Increased Mfn2, Opa1 expression Increased oxygen consumption Increased mitochondrial respiration Suppression of renal injury	[101]
Polydatin (Resveratrol glycoside)	KKAy mice Mouse podocyte	Decreased p-Drp1 expression Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Decreased apoptosis Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[94]
Empagliflozin (SGLT-2 inhibitor)	STZ-induced mice KKAy mice Human proximal tubular cell	Decreased Drp1 expression Increased Mfn1 expression Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential Increased ATP Decreased cytochrome c release Decreased apoptosis Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[104,105]
Berberine (Isoquinoline alkaloid)	db/db mice Mouse podocyte	Decreased p-Drp1 expression Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation Recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential Increased ATP Decreased apoptosis Decreased ROS production Suppression of renal injury	[107]