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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Food Policy. 2021 Apr 23;101:102089. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102089
By race/ethnicity
Non-H White Non-H Black Hispanic Other
Variables Coeff. S. E P-value Coeff. S. E P-value Coeff. S. E P-value Coeff. S. E P-value
SNAP 1.054 0.572 0.066 1.756 0.620 0.005 1.322 0.769 0.087 3.019 1.072 0.005
SNAP2 −2.984 1.783 0.096 −5.784 1.781 0.001 −4.330 2.218 0.052 −6.133 3.289 0.064
SNAP policy index −0.009 0.010 0.353 −0.006 0.009 0.527 0.019 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.499
Number of Household Members −0.008 0.002 < 0.001 −0.003 0.003 0.312 < 0.001 0.003 0.775 −0.002 0.003 0.489
Gender of Child
Boys Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Girls −0.005 0.006 0.362 −0.001 0.007 0.860 0.004 0.005 0.456 0.006 0.014 0.662
Maternal Education
< High School Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
High School/GED −0.030 0.012 0.009 −0.011 0.009 0.244 −0.020 0.006 0.001 −0.026 0.014 0.054
Non-college
Graduate −0.077 0.011 < 0.001 −0.031 0.013 0.016 −0.061 0.008 < 0.001 −0.063 0.015 < 0.001
College graduate −0.313 0.014 < 0.001 −0.145 0.020 < 0.001 −0.192 0.016 < 0.001 −0.261 0.022 < 0.001
Age Group
19–23m Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
24–29m −0.003 0.008 0.714 0.009 0.010 0.382 −0.001 0.006 0.828 0.003 0.014 0.825
30–35m −0.010 0.008 0.215 −0.003 0.009 0.706 −0.004 0.006 0.470 −0.005 0.015 0.761
Age of Mother
≥ 30 years −0.111 0.007 < 0.001 −0.027 0.006 < 0.001 −0.022 0.005 < 0.001 −0.087 0.015 < 0.001
< 30 years Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Marital Status of Mother
Married Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Non-married 0.165 0.007 < 0.001 0.067 0.009 < 0.001 0.051 0.006 < 0.001 0.123 0.016 < 0.001
Interview Language
English Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
Spanish 0.123 0.045 0.007 −0.015 0.071 0.828 0.062 0.007 < 0.001 −0.022 0.069 0.750
Other Language 0.101 0.039 0.010 0.030 0.026 0.247 −0.033 0.065 0.609 0.015 0.025 0.542
Birth Year −0.001 0.003 0.912 −0.002 0.003 0.577 −0.005 0.003 0.095 −0.012 0.004 0.002
Unemployment Rate 0.010 0.002 < 0.001 −0.001 0.002 0.974 < 0.001 0.002 0.990 −0.006 0.005 0.231
TANF Enrollment Rate 0.131 1.085 0.904 −1.568 1.108 0.159 −1.249 1.048 0.235 −2.309 1.942 0.236
CHIP Enrollment Rate −0.490 0.169 0.004 −0.252 0.260 0.334 −0.012 0.133 0.929 0.480 0.332 0.150
_cons 0.964 0.092 < 0.001 0.923 0.074 < 0.001 0.681 0.089 < 0.001 0.681 0.127 < 0.001
R2 0.170 0.059 0.066 0.138
Identification test‡ U U
†

Controlling state dummy (the results of State variables were not included in this table), sex, race/ethnicity, education, child’s age, maternal age, maternal marital status, number of people in the household, interview language, birth year, TANF enrollment rate (# of enrolled participants/# of state population), CHIP/Children’s Health Insurance Program enrollment rate (# of enrolled children/# of children 18 or under in the state), and state unemployment rate. IV Variables including SNAP enrollment rates (SNAP, # of SNAP participants in that year/# of state population in that year), square of SNAP enrollment rates (SNAP2), and SNAP policy index.

‡

U means the under-identification test P < 0.05. Stock–Yogo tabulations based on the Cragg–Donald statistic were used for the weak identification test; W means the F statistic of the weak identification test > 10% maximal IV relative bias or > 10% maximal IV size.