Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| n | Men | Women | Total Group | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (%) | 782 | 35.3 | 64.7 * | 100 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 782 | 42.5 ± 6.0 | 41.0 ± 6.3 * | 41.5 ± 6.26 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 782 | 34.3 ± 0.5 | 34.5 ± 5.0 | 34.4 ± 4.9 | 0.108 |
| Body weight (kg) | |||||
| CID1 | 782 | 109.3 ± 17.4 | 95.0 ± 15.6 * | 100.1 ± 17.6 | <0.001 |
| Weight loss CID2-CID1 | 782 | −12.8 ± 3.9 | −10.1 ± 2.8 * | −11.0 ± 3.50 | <0.001 |
| Weight maintenance CID3-CID2 | 555 | 1.6 ± 5.3 | −0.5 ± 5.5 * | 0.5 ± 5.48 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (Baecke) | 718 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 0.090 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 769 | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.07 * | 0.92 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 758 | 132.0 ± 12.8 | 121.9 ± 14.4 * | 118.2 ± 13.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 758 | 81.4 ± 10.6 | 75.9 ± 10.6 * | 72.49 ± 9.72 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 749 | 5.27 ± 0.62 | 5.00 ± 0.66 * | 5.10 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| 2 hr glucose (mmol/L) | 741 | 6.58 ± 2.37 | 6.74 ± 2.02 | 6.68 ± 2.16 | 0.333 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 723 | 13.9 ± 11.3 | 10.5 ± 9.4 * | 11.7 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (A.U.) | 733 | 3.87 ± 3.23 | 2.77 ± 2.64 * | 3.16 ± 2.91 | <0.001 |
| MISI (A.U.) | 649 | 0.063 ± 0.052 | 0.060 ± 0.052 | 0.061 ± 0.052 | 0.488 |
| HIRI (A.U.) | 686 | 144.8 ± 101.8 | 98.9 ± 76.0 * | 115.9 ± 89.1 | <0.001 |
| ATIRI (A.U.) | 720 | 7.92 ± 8.95 | 7.69 ± 8.38 | 7.72 ± 8.61 | 0.625 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 768 | 5.05 ± 1.08 | 4.84 ± 0.96 * | 4.92 ± 1.01 | 0.008 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 770 | 1.07 ± 0.28 | 1.29 ± 0.33 * | 1.21 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 764 | 3.24 ± 0.93 | 3.00 ± 0.84 * | 3.08 ± 0.88 | <0.001 |
| TAG (mmol/L) | 759 | 1.60 ± 0.70 | 1.23 ± 0.57 * | 1.36 ± 0.64 | <0.001 |
| FFA (μmol/L) | 672 | 552.3 ± 281.6 | 711.54 ± 326.7 * | 646.8 ± 318.7 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 747 | 3.78 ± 3.18 | 4.54 ± 4.13 * | 4.12 ± 3.86 | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 768 | 7.46 ± 3.17 | 9.96 ± 4.71 * | 9.08 ± 4.40 | <0.001 |
Values are represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise indicated. * Significant difference compared to men (p < 0.05) CID: clinical investigation day, CID1: baseline measurements, CID2: measurements following the weight loss phase, CID3 measurements following the weight maintenance, BP = blood pressure, HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, MISI = muscle insulin sensitivity index, HIRI = hepatic insulin resistance index, ATIRI = adipose tissue insulin resistance index, TAG = triacylglycerol, FFA = free fatty acid.