Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of factors associated with experiencing at least one of COVID-19’s main symptoms.
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare Workers | Non-Healthcare Workers | All Samples | ||||
| N = 1154 | N = 243 | (N = 1397) | ||||
| AOR (CI 95%) | p-Value | AOR (CI 95%) | p-Value | AOR (CI 95%) | p-Value | |
| (A) Demographics | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Male | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 0.329 | 1.01 (0.43–2.37) | 0.974 | 0.84 (0.61–1.14) | 0.26 |
| Age group | ||||||
| 19–24 years | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 25–44 years | 0.58 (0.33–1.00) | 0.051 | 1.58 (0.40–5.01) | 0.438 | 0.73 (0.45–1.19) | 0.213 |
| >44 years | 0.68 (0.34–1.35) | 0.267 | 2.03 (0.51–8.10) | 0.313 | 0.87 (0.47–1.62) | 0.671 |
| Status of being a healthcare worker | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.36 (0.89–2.08) | 0.153 |
| Household size | ||||||
| 1–2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 3–4 | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | 0.637 | 0.57 (0.23–1.40) | 0.219 | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 0.332 |
| ≥5 | 0.79 (0.50–1.25) | 0.316 | 0.78 (0.27–2.29) | 0.656 | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) | 0.232 |
| Expenditure class | ||||||
| Poor | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Vulnerable | 1.38 (0.81–2.37) | 0.239 | 2.48 (0.69–9.96) | 0.201 | 1.46 (0.90–2.36) | 0.127 |
| Aspiring middle class | 1.56 (0.95–2.55) | 0.076 | 2.94 (0.71–12.16) | 0.136 | 1.66 (1.06–2.59) | 0.027 |
| Middle and upper class | 1.13 (0.64–2.00) | 0.664 | 2.16 (0.42–11.06) | 0.353 | 1.20 (0.71–2.02) | 0.489 |
| Active smoking status | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.40 (0.73–2.65) | 0.31 | 0.78 (0.28–2.16) | 0.63 | 1.13 (0.66–1.93) | 0.658 |
| (B) Protective behavior | ||||||
| Knowledge of PPE standards | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.27 (0.07–1.07) | 0.063 | 1.35 (0.24–7.72) | 0.735 | 0.63 (0.24–1.66) | 0.348 |
| Application of WHO hand-washing steps | ||||||
| Otherwise | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Always | 0.85 (0.58–1.23) | 0.386 | 0.63 (0.30–1.33) | 0.224 | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) | 0.258 |
| The use of PPE when in contact with suspected/positive COVID-19 patients | ||||||
| Otherwise | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Always | 0.61 (0.45–0.83) | 0.002 | 0.64 (0.30–1.38) | 0.254 | 0.63 (0.47–0.83) | 0.001 |
| Index of hand-washing frequency | ||||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| High | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) | 0.06 | 1.60 (0.71–3.61) | 0.254 | 0.81 (0.6–1.10) | 0.178 |
| Physical distancing | ||||||
| Otherwise | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Always | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 0.993 | 0.64 (0.29–1.40) | 0.264 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) | 0.646 |
| The use of a mask outside of the home | ||||||
| Otherwise | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Always | 0.68 (0.41–1.14) | 0.142 | 0.76 (0.22–2.70) | 0.676 | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) | 0.095 |
Note: dependent variable = dummy, having at least one main symptom; OR = odds ratio; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; ref = reference group; NA = not applicable.