Figure 3.

Influence of NIC, ACE and CLO added separately or in combination on epinephrine release from rat adrenal gland slices. (A) Experimental design modified from [44]. (B) Concentration–response of epinephrine release following NIC stimulation ± HEX, an $\alpha$3-containing nAChR antagonist. (C–F) Epinephrine release following either ACE or CLO treatment in combination or not with NIC ± HEX. Data are mean ± SEM and values in brackets correspond to the number of biological replicates. Different lowercase letters above the graphs indicate significant differences between two histograms within each graph according to Dunn’s multiple comparison post hoc test (p < 0.05). Note that neonicotinoids are able to stimulate the secretion of epinephrine when applied to the medulla tissue alone.