Table 4.
Examples of biosensors including 2D nanomaterials for the detection of other contaminants in food and the environment.
| Analyte | Description/Immobilization Details | Anal Perform | Selectivity | Application | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gliadin | Ab/prGO/GCE Detection by DPV using [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− | Range: 1.2–34 ng mL–1; DL: 1.2 ng mL−1; Stability: 5% decrease in activity after 2 months at 4 °C | Lysozyme, casein, rice flour, cornflour not interfering | Wheat flour, pasta, cereal, Quaker oats, Gluten-free wheat flour Spiked rice flour and gluten-free flour | [153] |
| Ovalbumin | Ab/Graphene-modified SPCE Detection by DPV using [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | Range: 1 pg mL−1 - 0.5 μg mL−1; DL: 0.83 pg mL−1; Incubation time with ovalbumin: 45 min; Stability: less than 2% decrease in activity after 14 days at 4 °C. | β-lactoglobulin, BSA, egg lysozyme, and casein are not interfering | Spiked cake extract % |
[115] |
| β-lactoglobulin | Ab adsorbed/GO-modified electrode and Ab covalent/GO-modified electrode. Detection by SWV using [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | Ab/Phys−300 μm; Range: 0.001–1.0 μg mL−1; DL: 0.46 ng mL−1; Ab/Phys−0.22 μmL; Range: 0.001–1.0 μg mL−1; DL: 0.79 ng mL−1; Ab/Cov−300 μm: Range: 0.01–1.0 μg mL−1; DL: 2.6 ng mL−1; Ab/Cov−0.22 μm: Range: 0.01–1.0 μg mL−1; DL: 1.2 ng mL−1 |
OVA, BSA not interfering | N/a | [149] |
| Catechol, Phenol, BPA | Tyrosinase/Silk peptide–graphene nanosheets/GCE Detection by amperometry at −0.10 V in PBS buffer pH 6 and 35 °C |
Catechol; Range: 0.001–16.91 μM; DL: 0.23 nM-Phenol: Range: 0.0015–21.12 μM; DL: 0.35 nM–BPA: Range: 0.002–5.48 μM DL: 0.72 nM; Stability: 93.6% of activity after one month at 4 °C | Vitamin C, uric acid, m-dihydroxybenzene and p-nitrophenol not interfering. The sensor responds to dopamine, catechol, and phenol, besides BPA | BPA in plastic drinking bottles | [154] |
| BPA | Tyrosinase–graphydyne–chitosan/GCE Detection by amperometry at −0.04 V in 0.05 M PBS pH 7.0 | Range: 0.0 × 10−7 to 3.5 × 10−6 M; DL: 24 nM; Response time: 20s; Stability: 94% activity after 3 weeks when stored dry at 4 °C | Phtalates (dimethyl, octyl) and Bisphenol S (BPS) are not detected | Water bottle (PC);beverage bottle (Al); coffee spoon (PP);beverage bottle (tinplate), mineralvwater bottle (PET); tap water | [35] |
| BPA | Tyrosinase–hydrophilic nanographene–chitosan/GCE. Detection by amperometry at −0.1 V | Range: 0.1–2 µM, DL: 33 nM | Phthalates, dimethylphthalate, doctylphthalate KNO3, sodiumcitrate, sodium oxalate, urea, ethylacetate, diethylcarbonate, acetonitrile, n-hexane, benzene, hexachlorobenzene, naphthalene are not interfering | 5 samples: polycarbonate (PC) bottle, paper cup, PEGT water bottle and glass bottle. | [118] |
| BPA | Tyrosinase–graphene–Au/GCE. Detection by DPV, 0.1 M PBS pH 7 | Range: 0.025–3 µM, DL: 1 nM | NA | Spiked plastic cup and milk carton samples | [155] |
| BPA | APT/Au NP-G/GCE Detection by CV using ferricyanide |
Range: 0.01 and 10 µM; LOD: 5 nM; Incubation time: 30 min; Stability: 2 weeks at 4 °C | BPB, 4,4′-biphenol and 6F-BPA are not interfering | Spiked milk | [100] |
| BPA | Tyrosinase-(rGO–DAPPT/GCE Detection by amperometry at 0.1 V in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) |
Range: 1.0 × 10−9–3.8 × 10−5 M DL: 3.5 × 10−10 M; Stability: 90% of initial activity after 1 month at 4 °C |
m-dihydroxy-benzene, p-nitrophenol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid not interfering but, p-dihydroxybenzene, dopamine, phenol, catechol, and cysteine interfere at 50 times larger concentrations than BPA | Spiked plastic drinking bottles | [156] |
| BPA | LACC/rGO-Fe3O4; Detection by amperometry at +0.15 V | Range: 6–228 ppb; DL:18 nM(4 ppb); Storage: 18% decrease in current density after 1 month in buffer at 4 °C | Catechol, ascorbic acid uric acid, 1-naphthol 4-nitrophenol and benzene not interfering; Glucose interferes | Spiked bottled water | [157] |
| Bisphenols | Tyrosinase-chitosan-CuMOF/GCE:. Detection by amperometry at −0.1 V in 0.05 M PBS buffer pH 7 | BPE: Range: 5.0 × 10−8–3.0 × 10−6 M.; DL: 15 nM–BPF: Range: 5.0 × 10−8–3.0 × 10−6 M, DL:16 nM–BPA: Range: 5.0 × 10−8–3.0 × 10−6 M; DL: 13 nmM; BFB; Range: 1.25 × 10−7–8.0 × 10−6 M; DL: 56 nM–BFZ: Range: 2.5 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−6 M, DL: 33 nM | 81.8–98.7% activity when the biosensor was incubated 0.5 with 0.1 mM of Hg2+, Pd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ due to enzyme inhibition | metals | [158] |
| BPA | 3D-CuMOF tyrosinase. Detection by amperometry at −0.1 V | BPA: Range: 5.0 × 10−8–3.0 × 10−6 M; DL: 13 nM; Storage stability: 90% of activity after 3 weeks at 4 °C in PBS buffer | K+, Na+, NO3−, HPO42−, Cl, and acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol not interfering- phenols chemicals (e.g., phenol and catechol) not used in PC products, and phthalates are not substrates of tyrosinase | Spiked plastics: water bottle (PC), nursing bottle (PP), coffee spoon(PP), mineral water bottle (PET) | [159] |
| Phenol | Tyrosinase–chitosn−2D NiZn/GCE; Detection by amperometry at −0.05 V | Range: 0.08–58.2 μM; DL: 6.5 nM; Storage stability: 93% of the original response after 5-weeks at 4 °C | K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, SO42−, PO43−, CO32−, NO3−, uric acid, ascorbic acid, glucose not interfering | Spiked tap water | [160] |
| 17β-estradiol | APT/WS2 Au NPs/GCE; Detection by DPV using [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | Range: 1.0 × 10−11–5.0 × 10−9 M; DL: 2.0 × 10−12 M; Incubation time with 17β-estradiol: 3 h | Naphthalene and 1-aminoanthraquinone are not interfering | Spiked river water and serum | [101] |
| Phenol | Tyrosinase/2D layered pnictogens (phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene; Detection by amperometry at −0.005 V in 0.1 M PBS buffer pH 6.5 | Antimonene- based biosensor: Range: 500–2500 nM and 7.5–27.5 μM; DL: 255 nM. | Ca, Mg, Cu, aniline, benzyl alcohol not interfering | Spiked tap water | [161] |
| Total polyphenol | LACC/GrQD/MoS2/SPCE; Detection by amperometry at +0.05 V in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 5.00 | Caffeic acid; Range: 0.38–100 µM; DL: 0.32 µM–Chlorogenic acid; Range: 0.38–8.26 μM; DL: 0.19 μM (-) Epicatechin; Range: 2.86–100.00 μM; DL: 2.04 μM; Stability: 85% of initial activity after 4 weeks at 4 °C | Wines | [125] | |
| Histamine | Ab/Gr; Detection by EIS with [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | Range: 6.25–200 ppm (56.25 μM–1.8 mM; DL: 3.41 ppm (30.7 μM); Incubation time: 30 min | Bovine serum albumine(BSA) goat serum, whey protein not interfering | Tuna broth samples | [162] |
| Hypoxanthine | XOD/Gr-TiO2./GCE Detecction by amperometry at 0.8 V | Range: 20−512 μM; DL: 9.5 μM; Stability: 77% of initial activity after 10 days at 4C in 0.05 M PBS, 50% activity after 30 days | -Uric acid, ascorbic acid, and glucose do not interfere—xanthine interferes | Pork meat is stored at room temperature for seven days | [126] |
| Monosodium glutamate | Ab/AuNP-MoS2-chitosan/GCE. Detection by DPV using [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− | Range: 0.05–200 μM; DL: 0.03 µM; Stability: 98.7% response after 15 days at 4 °C | Cysteine, arginine, aspartic acid, butylated hydroxyl toluene and bisphenol-A are not interfering | Spiked vegetable soup % | [163] |
| Glucose | Gox/Au- Ti3C2Tx MXene/GCE; Detection by amperometry at −0.402 V | Gox/Au- MXene/GCE: Range: 0.1–18 mM; DL: 5.9 µM; Gox/MXene//GCE; LR: 0.5–6 mM; DL: 100 μM; Storage: 93% activity after 2 months | Dopamine, uric acid, ascorbic acid not interfering | N/A | [119] |
| H2O2 | HRP/Phosphorene/GCE; Detection by amperometry at −0.1 V in PBS buffer pH 7.2 | Range: 5–275 µM; DL: 0.14 µM; Kmapp = 164 µM; Stability:93% and 69% of activity after 7 and 15 days, respectively | Dopamine ascorbic acid and uric acid do not interfere | N/A | [123] |
| H2O2 | HRP/MB/chitosan/MoS2/graphite fiber Detection by amperometry at −0.3 V in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 | Range: 0.1 to 90 μM; DL: 30 nM; Stability: 89% of initial activity after 60 days at 4 °C in buffer | Ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl− are not interfering | N/A | [164] |
| H2O2 | Hemoglobin/poly-l-lysine-black phosphorus/GCE; Detection by cyclic voltammetry | Range: 10–700 µM | Uric acid and ascorbic acid are not interfering | N/A | [121] |
| H2O2 | HRP-MoS2–Gr/GCE Detection by amperometry at −0.08 V | Range: 0.2 μM–1.103 mM; DL: 0.049 μM; Stability: 91.5% and 84.2% of initial activity after 2 weeks and 1 month, respectively at 4 °C. | Ascorbic acid, dopamine, cysteine, and lysine do not interfere | N/a | [124] |
| H2O2 | Cytochrome c/ZIF−8-MOFs/SPCE screen-printed electrode; Detection by amperometry at −0.05 V | Range: 0.09–3.6 mM | Glucose, dopamine, and bovine serum albumin are not interfering | Spiked milk and beer | [165] |
| Acetochlor | GOx/CS/NH2-MIL−125(Ti)/TiO2-MOF/GCE Photoelectrochemical sensor, inhibition of glucose oxidase | Range: 0.02–200 nM; DL: 0.003 nM. Stability: 92.5% activity after 30 days at 4 °C | Sucrose, glycine, citric acid, K+, Na+, Ca2+, prometryn, clethodim, cycloxydim, and sethoxydim not interfering | Spiked strawberry, tomato, cucumber, and greens | [122] |
| Fenitrothion | AChE-BSA/TMDs (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2/GCE Detection by amperometry at 0.1 V | 1T-Phase WS2 based biosensor; Range: 1–1000 nM; DL:2.86 nM; Incubation time: 5 min | Fe2+, Cu2+, ascorbic acid and phenol: not interfering | Spiked apple juice | [127] |
| Forchlorfenuron | Catalase/boron nitride/GCE; Detection by amperometry at −0.35 in 1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 V | Range: 0.5–10.0 µM; DL: 0.07 μM; Stability: 91.3% of initial activity after 2 months at 4 °C | Glucose, sucrose, glycine, citric acid, Na+ and Ca2+ not interfering | Spiked orange juice, kiwi, watermelon, grape | [120] |
| Methyl parathion | Nafion/AChE/MOF/electrode detection by DPV | [Fe-MOF-NH2]N2: Range 10−12–10−8 g mL−1; DL: 3.2 × 10−13 g mL−1 (1.2 × 10−12 M); Zr-MOF-NH2]N2: Range: 5.0 × 10−13–5.0 × 10−9 g mL−1, DL: 1.8 × 10−13 g mL−1 (6.9 × 10−13 M) [La-MOF-NH2]N2 Range: 1.0 × 10−13–5.0 × 10−9 g mL−1; DL: 5.8 × 10−14 g mL−1 (2.2 × 10−13 M) Incubation time: 12 min; Stability: 81%, 83% and 84% after 4 weeks at 4 °C in PBS buffer pH 7. |
No data reported | N/a | [166] |
| Pb 2+ | DNA functionalized iron-porphyrinic metal–organic framework ((Fe-p)n-MOF-Au-GR/Au-PWE. Detection by DPV | Range: 0.03–1000 nM.; DL: 0.02 nM; Stability: 95% and 50% of activity after 20 and 60 days at room temperature, respectively; 95% and 94% of activity after 60 days of storage in the refrigerator and freezer, respectively | Fe3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ and Ag+ not interfering | Industrial waste water, river water, fruit juice (orange and apple), solid samples, serum |
[167] |
prGO: porous reduced graphene oxide. DAPPT: 1,3-di(4-amino-1-pyridinium) propane tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. rGO-Fe3O4 NPs: hybrid conjugate of reduced graphene oxide/ferrous–ferric oxide nanoparticles. GrQD: graphene quantum dots. XOD: xanthine oxidase. AChE: acethylcholine esterase. Au-PWE: Au NP modified paper working electrode.