Table 4.

Performance comparison among IAMDA, AMDA, BDA, and BPSO on unimodal benchmark functions and multimodal benchmark functions.

f	Metric	IAMDA	AMDA	BDA	BPSO
f 1	Mean	0.2244	1.2797	1.8412	1.5942
	SD	0.1599	0.9732	1.6625	1.3609
	Med	0.1510	0.6655	1.6669	1.3278
	Rank	1	2	4	3
f 2	Mean	0.0676	0.1751	0.1883	0.2137
	SD	0.0216	0.0913	0.1004	0.0882
	Med	0.0585	0.1423	0.2765	0.2702
	Rank	1	2	3	4
f 3	Mean	3.4279	15.1108	19.8865	21.8408
	SD	1.9467	14.1566	22.7839	11.6904
	Med	2.4599	18.7306	19.1034	23.0999
	Rank	1	2	3	4
f 4	Mean	0.3383	0.6840	0.8205	0.8701
	SD	0.0988	0.4461	0.3266	0.3559
	Med	0.3446	0.6906	0.9330	0.9568
	Rank	1	2	3	4
f 5	Mean	22.6485	36.2572	82.5599	133.7547
	SD	3.0791	10.9330	11.4133	9.5546
	Med	20.4659	30.0536	71.9376	124.0569
	Rank	1	2	3	4
f 6	Mean	1.0166	2.2309	3.0771	8.9318
	SD	0.5524	11.0604	9.7121	13.7554
	Med	1.7111	3.6660	3.1051	11.9169
	Rank	1	2	3	4
f 7	Mean	0.0179	0.0186	0.0387	0.0309
	SD	0.0119	0.0156	0.0235	0.0216
	Med	0.0163	0.0182	0.0327	0.0335
	Rank	1	2	4	3
f 8	Mean	−2.0236e+03	−1.9898e+03	−1.7002e+03	−1.8200e+03
	SD	53.4828	170.8601	147.8324	101.7015
	Med	−2.0207e+03	−1.8977e+03	−1.6972e+03	−1.8307e+03
	Rank	1	2	4	3
f 9	Mean	0.6359	1.2144	3.0472	2.1303
	SD	1.7575	5.5272	3.7159	5.0115
	Med	0.7802	0.8932	3.5783	2.3890
	Rank	1	2	4	3
f 10	Mean	1.6269	2.0406	7.0218	7.0607
	SD	0.7271	2.4153	2.5491	2.4290
	Med	1.4469	2.3801	6.7427	7.4276
	Rank	1	2	3	4
f 11	Mean	0.2291	0.3381	0.8498	0.5594
	SD	0.2448	1.2435	1.6054	1.1212
	Med	0.2821	0.4894	0.7234	0.4527
	Rank	1	2	4	3
f 12	Mean	0.3092	0.5014	0.8959	0.7153
	SD	0.1880	0.3313	0.5359	0.4502
	Med	0.3947	0.4381	0.8416	0.7652
	Rank	1	2	4	3
f 13	Mean	0.1547	0.2057	0.5492	0.2908
	SD	0.0675	0.7528	2.2227	1.2097
	Med	0.1654	0.2089	0.5847	0.1755
	Rank	1	2	4	3