Table 3.
Summary of the average porosity and macropore sizes reported in the studies described in Table 1 and Table 2.
| Author/Year | Material | Fabrication Technique | Porosity (%) | Macropore Size (μm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eshraghi S. 2010 [15] | Polymer. PCL | SLS | 37–55 | 700 μm |
| Lee SJ. 2019 [16] | Polymer. PCL, PCLD and PCLDB | FFF | 50 | 300 μm |
| Xu H. 2010 [17] | Synthetic polymers. PLA/PGA |
Lost-wax | Not specified | Not specified |
| Gendviliene I. 2020 [18] | Polymer and composite material. PLA and PLA/HA | FFF | 48 | 350 μm |
| Lin YH. 2017 [19] | Composite material. CaSi + PCL | DIW | Not specified | 500 μm |
| Roh HS. 2016 [20] | Composite material. PCL + HA + MgO | FFF (PED) | Not specified | 300 μm |
| Pae HC. 2018 [21] | PCL y β-TCP. | FFF (PED) | 30 | 240–260 μm |
| Kim BS 2018 [22] | Bioceramics. HA and HA + PCL | 3D printing | 65–67 | Not specified |
| Miranda P. 2006 [23] | Bioceramics. Beta-TCP | DIW. Robocasting | 45 | 75 μm |
| Zhou Z. 2014 [24] | Bioceramics. (CaSO4) | 3D printing | Not specified | 1–100 μm |
| Guda T. 2012 [25] | Bioceramics. HA with cortical and trabecular layers. | Lost-wax | 60.1–71.7 | Outer layers 200–250 μm Inner layers 340–450 μm |
| Eqtesadi S. 2014 [26] | Bioceramics. Bioactive glass 45S5 | DIW. Robocasting |
60–80 | 287 × 820 μm |
| H. Shao. 2018 [27] | Bioceramics. Typical porous bioceramics were compared with wollastonite with Mg-10% (CSiMg10). |
DIW | TCP: 57.3 ± 4.4 CSi: 56.6 ± 5.3 CSiMg10: 51.2 ± 4.6% Bred: 61.2 ± 5.2% |
TCP: 302 μm × 261 μm CSi: 304 μm × 257 μm CSiMg10: 313 μm × 259 μm Bred: 318 μm × 255 μm |
| ShaoH. 2017 [28] | Bioceramics. Pure calcium silicate (CSi) and CSiMg6. |
FFF | CSi:
|
CSi:
|
| Lee. YK. 2008 [29] | Bioceramics. Calcium phosphate glass |
Lost-wax. | 80.7–90.3 | From 371.6 ± 12.8 μm to 703.2 ± 17.1 μm |
| Tarafder S. 2013 [30] | Bioceramics. Bioblocks from β-TCP pure. |
3D printing | 49.44 ± 4.64 | 350 μm |
| Cao H. 2010 [31] | Biocomposites HA and PGA-β-TCP | Solvent casting | 88.4–93.6 | 483.3–504.2 μm |
| Yang L. 2019 [32] | PLGA and PLGA/bioglass. | TIPS | 93–94 | 1–7 μm |
| Brie J. 2013 [33] | Hydroxyapatite | SLA | 50–70 | 300–550 μm |
| Staffa G. 2012 [34] | Hydroxyapatite | SLA | 70 | 150 μm |
| Mangano F. 2013 [35] | Master alloy (Ti6Al4) | SLS | Not specified | Not specified |
| Cox SC. 2015 [36] | HA (50%) and PVOH (polyvinyl alcohol) | 3D printing | 55 | 10–60 μm |
| Inzana JA. 2014 [37] | Pure calcium phosphate bioceramic, coated with collagen. | 3D printing | Not specified | 50–70 μm |
| Torres, J. 2011 [38] | Monetite (calcium phosphate ceramic) | 3D printing | 44 | Not specified |
| Lee JH. 2020 [39] | PCL with rifampicin | FFF(MHDS) | Not specified | Not specified |
| Zheng P. 2019 [40] | PCL-HA | FFF | Not specified | 200 μm |
| Lethaus B. 2012 [41] | Not applicable | FFF | Not specified | Not specified |
| Roohani-Esfahani SI. 2016 [42] | Bioglass (Sr doped with Ca2ZnSi2O7(HT)) | DIW. (Robocasting) | 50, 55, 60 and 70 | 450, 550, 900 and 1200 μm |
| Fu Q. 2011 [43] | Bioglass 6P53B | DIW. (Robocasting) | 60 | 200 μm |
| Hong SJ. 2009 [44] | PCL and PCL/HA | DIW (Robocasting) |
Not specified | 500 μm × 500 μm |
| Ma C. 2019 [45] | PLLA, PLLA with tubular and spherical polypyrrole nanoparticles. | DIW/Solvent casting | Not specified | 100 μm |
| Franco J. 2010 [46] | HA, b-TCP and HA/b-TCP with Pluronic F-127 solutions | DIW. Robocasting | 10–40 | 200 μm × 180 μm |
| Liu X. 2013 [47] | Bioglass 13-93 with layers of HA. | DIW Robocasting |
50 | 300 μm |
| Abarrategi A. 2012 [48] | Bioceramics (HA/betaTCP) | DIW Robocasting |
Not specified | 225 μm × 400 μm |
| Tovar N. 2018 [49] | β-TCP | DIW. Robocasting. | 58.6 ± 3.0 | 400 μm |
| Silva DN. 2008 [50] | Gypsum powder. | SLS and 3D printing | Not specified | Not specified |
| Salmi M. 2013 [51] | Not applicable | SLS, 3DP and PolyJet | Not specified | Not specified |
| Tagliaferri V. 2019 [52] | Polyamide. | FDM, SLS and MJF. | Not specified | Not specified |