Table 4.

Patented vaccines against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [93].

Type of vaccine	Patent application	Target
Attenuated virus vaccines	US20060039926	The vaccine incorporates a mutation at specific tyrosine residue (Y6398H) into the viral genome encoding a p59 protein. Showing completely attenuated growth and pathogenicity of mouse coronavirus (MHV-A59).
DNA-based vaccines	WO2005081716	DNA vaccine targeting antigens of SARS-CoV, epitopes of the Membrane (M), Envelope (E), Spike (S) and Nucleocapsid (N) proteins of the virus. Stimulates immune responses (antigen-specific CD8+T cell mediated) against SARS-CoV antigens.
	WO2015081155	DNA-based vaccine comprised of MERS-CoV antigen (consensus spike protein).
Protein-based vaccines	WO2010063685	The vaccine comprises an immunogenic SARS spike protein and an adjuvant comprising an oil-in-water emulsion. Induces a protective immunity against the virus.
	US20070003577	The vaccine comprises purified trimeric S protein of SARS CoV, showing specific binding to ACE2 receptor.
	US20060002947	Ii-key/antigenic epitope hybrid peptide vaccines under clinical trials against COVID-19.
VIRUS-like particle vaccines	WO2015042373	The vaccine is composed of nanoparticles containing MERS virus proteins in polymer structures. Induces a neutralizing antibody response to MERS that reduces or prevents infection in mice and transgenic cattle.
mRNA-Based vaccines	WO2017070626	RNA vaccine and combination vaccine, composed of at least one mRNA encoding antigenic viral full-length S, S1, or S2 proteins from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV virus, formulated in a cationic lipid nanoparticle.
	WO2018115527	mRNA based vaccine, encoding at least one antigen derived from a MERS-CoV and induces humoral immune responses.