Table 1.
The general characteristics of the studies included in the review
| Study ID | Country | Antibody type | Antigen type | Commercial | Reference standard | Index test | Control group/comparison group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kai-Wang To [27] P, CS | China | IgG and IgM | S and N | Inhouse | rRT-PCR | ELISA | No control |
| Cassaniti [28] P, CS | Italy | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | S | Commercial | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | Patients with fever and respiratory syndrome/RT-PCR negative |
| Duchuan Lin [29] | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | N | Inhouse | Epidemiological risk/clinical features/rRT-PCR | CLIA | Healthy individuals and tuberculosis patients |
| Jie Xiang [30] | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | Commercial | rRT-PCR | ELISA and POC LFIA | Healthy individuals | |
| Li Guo [13] P | China | IgM | N | Inhouse | Deep sequencing and rRT-PCR | ELISA | Adult patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) |
| Rui Liu [31] CS | China | IgM | N | Inhouse | rRT-PCR | COVID-19 rRT-PCR negative patients | |
| Wanbing Liu [32] P | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | S and N | Commercial | rRT-PCR | ELISA | Healthy individuals |
| Xuefei Cai [33] | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | S | Inhouse | rRT-PCR | Peptide-based magnetic CLIA | Mixed diseases and healthy controls |
| Yu bao Pan [34] CS | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | Commercial | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | COVID-19 rRT-PCR negative patients | |
| Yujiao Jin [35] P | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | S-N | Commercial | rRT-PCR | CLIA | Patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection but with negative rRT-PCR results |
| Zhao [36] P | China | IgG and IgM | S | Commercial | Chest CT images/epidemiological history/clinical diagnosis/rRT-PCR | ELISA | Healthy individuals |
| Zhengtu Li [37] P | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | S | Commercial | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | Healthy individuals |
| Rongqing Zhao [38] | China | IgG-IgM | S | Inhouse | Not clear but all cases were confirmed COVID-19 patients | ELISA | Healthy individuals (samples collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic) |
| Pingping Zhang [39] | China | IgG-IgM | S | Inhouse | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | COVID-19 rRT-PCR negative patients |
| Paradiso [40] | Italy | IgG-IgM | S | Commercial | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | Patients with COVID-19 disease orienting-symptoms but rRT-PCR negative |
| Huan Ma [41] | China | IgA, IgG, IgM, IgG-IgM and Ab | S and N | Inhouse | rRT-PCR | CLIA | Healthy individuals, COVID-19 suspected individuals and mixed disease group |
| Qian [15] | China | IgG and IgM | S-N | Commercial | rRT-PCR | CLIA | Healthy individuals and hospitalised individuals |
| Ling Zhong [42] P | China | IgG and IgM | Inhouse | rRT-PCR | CLIA and ELISA | Healthy individuals | |
| Jiajia Xie [43] P, CS | China | IgG and IgM | E-N | Commercial | Chest CT images/epidemiological history/clinical diagnosis/rRT-PCR | CLIA | Clinically confirmed COVID-19 rRT-PCR negative patients |
| Infantino [44] P | Italy | IgG and IgM | S-N | Commercial | rRT-PCR | CLIA | Mixed diseases patients and blood donors pre-COVID-19 |
| Adams [45] | UK | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | S | Inhouse (ELISA) and Commercial (LFIA) | rRT-PCR | ELISA and POC LFIA | Healthy blood and ICU cerebral organ donors before the COVID-19 pandemic |
| Lassaunière [46] | Denmark | IgA, IgG and Ab | S | Commercial | rRT-PCR | ELISA and POC LFIA | Healthy individuals and mixed diseases patients (including acute respiratory tract infections caused by other corona viruses and non-corona viruses |
| Qiang Wang [47] P | China | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | Commercial | Chest CT images/epidemiological history/clinical diagnosis/rRT-PCR | ELISA and POC LFIA | COVID-19 clinical negative mixed diseases patients | |
| Fei Xiang [30] P | China | IgG and IgM | N | Commercial | rRT-PCR | ELISA | Healthy blood donors or from patients with other disease hospitalised |
| Bin Lou [48] | China | IgG, IgM and Ab | S and N | Commercial | rRT-PCR | ELISA, CLIA and POC LFIA | Healthy Individuals |
| Lei Liu [49] | China | IgG-IgM | N | Commercial | rRT-PCR | ELISA | Randomly selected ordinary patients and healthy blood donors |
| Imai [50] | Japan | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | Commercial | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | Non-COVID-19 patients (from April to October 2019 | |
| Pérez-García [51] | Spain | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | Commercial | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | Healthy individuals (samples collected before the COVID-19 pandemic) | |
| Zhenhua Chen [52] P | China | IgG | N | Inhouse | rRT-PCR | POC LFIA | Clinically suspicious for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 |
| Dohla [53] P, CS | German | IgG, IgM and IgG-IgM | Commercial | RT-qPCR | POC LFIA | COVID-19 RT-qPCR negative patients | |
| Burbelo [54] | USA | Ab | S and N | Inhouse | RT-PCR | LIPS | Subjects with COVID-19-like symptoms or household contacts of persons with COVID-19 (not tested by PCR), and blood donors who donated samples before 2018. |
Studies with P superscripts were published articles and without P superscripts were MedRxiv preprints
Studies with CS superscripts are cross sectional studies and without CS superscripts are case control studies
IgG-IgM means that either one of them or both were detected in serum
Ab means total antibodies