Table 3.
Mortality data for the entire cohort
| Entire cohort | Lived | Died | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 384 | n = 314 | n = 70 | ||
| HIV status | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Positive | 108 (28%) | 92 (85%) | 16 (15%) | 0.278 |
| Negative | 276 (72%) | 222 (80%) | 54 (20%) | |
| Gender | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 204 (53%) | 163 (80%) | 41 (20%) | 0.31 |
| Female, n (%) | 180 (47%) | 151 (84%) | 29 (16%) | |
| Race | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Black | 322 (84%) | 264 (82%) | 58 (18%) | |
| White | 27 (7%) | 20 (74%) | 7 (26%) | |
| Indian | 10 (3%) | 10 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Mixed race | 25 (6%) | 20 (80%) | 5 (20%) | 0.34 |
| Age | ||||
| Median (IQR) (years) | 50 (39–60) | 48 (38–59) | 54.5 (44–62) | 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 148 (39%) | 122 (82%) | 26 (18%) | 0.79 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 35 (9%) | 27 (77%) | 8 (23%) | 0.46 |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 6 (2%) | 3 (50%) | 3 (50%) | 0.08 |
| Chronic Lung Disease | 16 (4%) | 14 (88%) | 2 (12%) | 0.75 |
| COPD | 3 (1%) | 2 (67%) | 1 (33%) | 0.45 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 88 (23%) | 65 (74%) | 23 (26%) | 0.03 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 15 (4%) | 10 (67%) | 5 (33%) | 0.12 |
| Malignancy | 20 (5%) | 15 (75%) | 5 (25%) | 0.42 |
| Neuropsychiatric disease | 30 (8%) | 26 (87%) | 4 (13%) | 0.47 |
| Stroke | 6 (2%) | 6 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.60 |
| Obesity | 60 (16%) | 42 (70%) | 18 (30%) | 0.01 |
| Tuberculosis | 14 (4%) | 13 (93%) | 1 (7%) | 0.48 |
| Smoking | 23 (6%) | 19 (83%) | 4 (17%) | 0.92 |
| Vitals | ||||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 36.7 (36.4–37.2) | 36.6 (36.4–37.2) | 36.7 (36.4–37.4) | 0.60 |
| Respiratory rate (rpm) | 22 (18–26) | 20 (18–24) | 26 (22–33) | <0.0001 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 100 (89–116) | 98 (88–95) | 114 (99–127) | <0.0001 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 89 (82–95) | 90 (84–95) | 82 (66–90) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125 (115–140) | 126 (115–140) | 122 (113–145) | 0.43 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 (68–88) | 78 (68–88) | 75 (62–87) | 0.05 |
| Laboratory Data | ||||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| Haemoglobin g/dl | 13.5 (11.9–14.8) | 13.6 (12–14.8) | 13.4 (10.7–14.5) | 0.26 |
| Platelets (x109) | 249 (183–325) | 250 (184–325) | 246 (172–316) | 0.55 |
| White cell count (x109) | 7.7 (5.6–10.4) | 7.3 (5.4–9.7) | 9.5 (7.1–14.8) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count (x109) | 5.8 (4–8.5) | 5.3 (3.7–7.8) | 7.7 (5.2–12.7) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count (x109) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 1 (0.7–1.5) | 0.15 |
| N/L Ratio | 5 (2.9–8.6) | 4.6 (2.6–7.3) | 7.7 (4.6–13.3) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 138 (134–141) | 138 (134–141) | 138 (135–143) | 0.37 |
| Potassium (mmol/l) | 4.6 (4.1–5.2) | 4.6 (4.1–5.2) | 4.6 (4.2–5.2) | 0.97 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 5.7 (3.9–8.9) | 5.4 (3.7–8.2) | 9.0 (5.3–15) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (umol/l) | 93.5 (75–135) | 92 (73–130) | 111 (83–194) | 0.006 |
| Total protein (g/l) | 72 (66–78) | 72 (66–78) | 71 (66–78) | 0.87 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 37 (33-42) | 38 (34–42) | 34 (31–39) | 0.0001 |
| Total Bilirubin (umol/l) | 8 (5-12) | 8 (5–11) | 8 (5–14) | 0.43 |
| Conj. Bilirubin (umol/l) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–6) | 0.11 |
| ALT (U/l) | 27 (18–43) | 27 (17–42) | 31 (19–54) | 0.15 |
| AST (U/l) | 42 (30–63) | 40 (29–59) | 56 (41–87) | <0.001 |
| ALP (U/l) | 84 (64–112) | 83 (64-111) | 92 (66-129) | 0.12 |
| GGT (U/l) | 63 (35–119) | 63 (35–116) | 57 (38–128) | 0.64 |
| LDH (U/l) | 478 (338–641) | 442 (320–612) | 619 (482–784) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 92 (36–191) | 83 (30–174) | 161 (78–249) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/l) | 0.22 (0.1–0.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.75 (0.3–4.4) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin 6 (pg/ml) | 106 (47–466) | 103 (44.1–391) | 169 (78–466) | 0.29 |
| Beta-D-glucan (pg/ml), | 47 (30–100) | 48 (30–100) | 47 (30–95) | 0.96 |
| D-Dimer (mg/l) | 0.75 (0.4–2.0) | 0.7 (0.36–1.9) | 1.6 (0.5–2.9) | 0.003 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 631 (299–1555) | 550 (251–1435) | 1200 (586–2116) | 0.0001 |
| hs Troponin T (ng/l) | 12 (6–29) | 10 (5–23) | 23 (11–55) | <0.001 |
| CD4 count cells/mm3 | 243 (145–458) | 459 (246–776) | 180 (66–405) | 0.53 |
| Severity Of Illness Scores | ||||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| CURB 65 score | 1 (0–2)n=384 | 1 (0–1)n=314 | 1 (0–2)n=70 | 0.15 |
| NEWS 2 score | 6 (3–8) | 5 (3–7) | 8 (6–9) | <0.0001 |
| 4C score | 22 (22–24) | 21 (19–23) | 23 (21.25–26) | <0.0001 |
| Co-existing Pathogens | 20 (5.2%) | 10 (3.18%) | 10 (14.29%) | 0.0009 |
| Respiratory support | 225 (63%) | 169 (75%) | 56 (25%) | <0.001 |
| ICU required | 70 (18%) | 37 (53%) | 33 (47%) | <0.001 |
| Complications | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 76 (20%) | 57 (75%) | 19 (25%) | 0.09 |
| Cardiovascular | 32 (8%) | 12 (38%) | 20 (62%) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal | 4 (1%) | 2 (50%) | 2 (50%) | 0.15 |
| Infections | 10 (3%) | 2 (20%) | 8 (80%) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic | 19 (5%) | 12 (63%) | 7 (37%) | 0.06 |
| Neuropsychiatric | 10 (3%) | 5 (50%) | 5 (50%) | 0.02 |
| Pneumothorax | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.99 |
IQR – Interquartile range, ALT- Alanine transaminase, AST- Aspartate transaminase, ALP - Alkaline phosphatase, GGT - Gamma-glutamyl transferase, LDH – lactate dehydrogenase, N/L – neutrophil/lymphocyte, hs – Highly sensitive, COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.