Table 5.
Mortality in the HIV-positive group.
| HIV total Cohort | HIV-positive Died | HIV-positive Lived | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 108 | n = 16 | n = 92 | ||
| Age | ||||
| Median (IQR), (years) | 45 (38–56) | 47.5 (38–59) | 45 (38–56) | 0.60 |
| Gender | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Male | 54 (50%) | 8 (50%) | 46 (50%) | 1.0 |
| Female | 54 (50%) | 8 (50%) | 46 (50%) | |
| Race | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Black | 100 (93%) | 15 (94%) | 85 (92%) | |
| White | 6 (5%) | 0 | 6 (7%) | |
| Indian | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | |
| Mixed race | 1 (1%) | 1 (6%) | 0 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 36 (33.33%) | 7 (31.52%) | 29 (43.75%) | 0.39 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (9.26%) | 3 (18.75%) | 7 (12.96%) | 0.17 |
| Chronic liver disease | 2 (1.85%) | 1 (6.25%) | 1 (1.09%) | 0.28 |
| Chronic lung disease | 6 (5.56%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (11.11%) | 0.60 |
| Tuberculosis | 8 (7.41%) | 1 (6.25%) | 7 (7.61%) | 1.0 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 18 (16.67%) | 7 (43.75%) | 11 (11.96%) | 0.005 |
| Obesity | 13 (12.04%) | 1 (6.25%) | 12 (13.04%) | 0.69 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 4 (3,70%) | 1 (6.25%) | 3 (3.26%) | 0.48 |
| Thyroid disease | 1 (0.93%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.85%) | 1.0 |
| Malignancy | 5 (4.63%) | 1 (6.25%) | 4 (4.35%) | 0.60 |
| Neuropsychiatric disease | 12 (11.11%) | 3 (18.75%) | 9 (9.78%) | 0.38 |
| Rheumatological disease | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Smoking | 6 (5.56%) | 3 (18.75%) | 3 (3.26%) | 0.04 |
| Vitals | ||||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 37(36–37) | 37 (36–37) | 36.6 (36.25–37) | 0.42 |
| Respiratory rate (rpm) | 20 (18–24) | 24 (21–34) | 20 (18–24) | 0.02 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 102 (86–117) | 116 (93–132) | 98 (83–113) | 0.02 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 92(85–95) | 84 (68–99) | 92 (86–95) | 0.10 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120 (108–133) | 122 (109–134) | 120 108–133) | 0.76 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75 (64–84) | 76 (55–88) | 75 66–83) | 0.88 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.9 (12–13.6)n = 107 | 10.6 (9.7–13.9)n = 16 | 13.0 (12.4–13.7)n = 90 | 0.05 |
| Platelets (x109/l) | 240 (228–269)n = 107 | 229 (181–262)n = 16 | 246 (228–274)n = 90 | 0.22 |
| White Cell Count (x109/l) | 7 (6.4–8.3)n= 107 | 11.6 (6.52–15.46)n = 16 | 6.72 (6.27–7.66)n = 90 | 0.01 |
| Neutrophil count (x109/l) | 5.08 (4.4–6.2)n = 81 | 7.98 (5.08 - 12.69)n = 15 | 4.98 (3.98 - 6.11)n = 65 | 0.007 |
| Lymphocyte count (x109/l) | 1.12 (1 - 1.3)n = 83 | 1.02 (0.56 - 1.22)n = 15 | 1.17 (1 - 1.42)n = 67 | 0.16 |
| Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio (N/L ratio) | 4.6 (3.9 - 5.4)n = 81 | 9.2 (4.536 - 12.74)n = 15 | 4.45 (2.96 - 5)n = 67 | 0.0007 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 137 (135 - 138)n = 109 | 136 (129 - 142)n = 16 | 137 (135 - 139)n = 91 | 0.40 |
| Potassium (mmol/l) | 4.6 (4.3 - 4.8)n = 109 | 4.55 (3.7 - 5.2)n = 16 | 4.6 (4.3 - 4.8)n = 91 | 0.91 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 6 (5.3 - 6.7)n = 109 | 12.4 (8.6 - 18)n = 16 | 5.6 (4.7 - 6.3)n = 91 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (umol/l) | 93 (88 - 111)n = 109 | 115.5 (91 - 311)n = 16 | 90 (84 - 107)n = 91 | 0.03 |
| Total protein (g/l) | 74 (72 - 76)n = 105 | 74 (67 - 84)n = 14 | 74 (71 - 76)n = 89 | 0.77 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 37 (35 - 39)n = 105 | 29 (22 - 39)n = 14 | 38 (35 - 39)n = 89 | 0.008 |
| Total bilirubin (umol/l) | 7 (6 - 8)n = 105 | 6.5 (3 - 21)n = 14 | 7 (6 - 8)n = 90 | 0.79 |
| Conj. bilirubin (umol/l) | 3 (2 - 3)n = 103 | 2.5 (2 - 10)n = 14 | 3 (2 - 3)n = 89 | 0.56 |
| ALT (U/l) | 28 (26 - 33)n = 106 | 27 (15 - 92)n = 14 | 28 (25 - 33)n = 90 | 0.94 |
| AST (U/l) | 43.5 (38 - 50)n = 106 | 60.5 (46 - 215)n = 14 | 40.5 (36 - 48)n = 90 | 0.01 |
| ALP (U/l) | 102 (87 - 112)n = 106 | 122 (81 - 220)n = 14 | 102 (86 - 110)n = 90 | 0.26 |
| GGT (U/l) | 85 (63 - 108)n = 106 | 111 (44 - 241)n = 14 | 81.5 (60 - 106)n = 90 | 0.45 |
| LDH (U/l) | 502.5 (396 - 557)n = 78 | 631 (459 - 1341)n = 13 | 467.5 (364 - 525)n = 64 | 0.01 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 107 (70 - 136)n = 105 | 187.5 (103 - 291)n = 16 | 90 (57 - 130)n = 88 | 0.0056 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 0.265 (0.16 - 0.53)n = 82 | 4.6 (1.95 - 139.1)n = 12 | 0.185 (0.13 - 0.34)n = 70 | <0.0001 |
| Interleukin 6 (pg/ml) | 57.8 (17 - 170)n = 16 | 170.3 (17 - 697)n = 3 | 52.7 (8.9 - 936)n = 13 | 0.61 |
| Beta-D-glucan (pg/ml) | 58.5 (31 - 99)n = 60 | 41.5 (30 - 485)n = 10 | 65 (31 - 100)n = 50 | 0.61 |
| D-dimers (mg/l) | 0.79 (0.51 - 1.5), n = 94 | 1.7 (0.95 - 3.04), n = 15 | 0.68 (0.44 - 1.25), n = 77 | 0.04 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 635 (488 - 1045)n = 89 | 1309 (471 - 2266)n = 15 | 615 (469 - 824)n = 72 | 0.07 |
| hs Troponin T (ng/l) | 13 (8 - 15)n = 71 | 18 (13 - 78)n = 10 | 10.5 (7 - 15)n = 62 | 0.03 |
| CD4 cells/mm3 (IQR) | 210 (180 – 339)n = 89 | 180 (66 - 405)n = 11 | 210 (144 – 458.5)n = 78 | 0.53 |
| CD4 >200, n (%) | 48 (54%) | 5 (45%) | 43 (55%) | 0.75 |
| Suppressed VL, n (%) | 39 (90.7%) | 4 (9.3%) | 0.50 | |
| Unsuppressed VL, n (%) | 29 (85.3%) | 5 (14.7%) | 0.50 | |
| Severity of Illness | ||||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| CURB-65 Score | 0 (0–1)n=108 | 1 (0–1)n=16 | 0 (0–1)n=92 | 0.90 |
| NEWS2 Score | 5 (3–7)n=108 | 7 (6–9)n=16 | 5 (3–7)n=92 | 0.0003 |
| 4C Score | 23 (20–25) n=105 | 24 (21–27) n=16 | 23 (20–25) n=89 | 0.17 |
| Medication | ||||
| n (%) | ||||
| Steroids | 72 (66.67%) | 13 (81.25%) | 59 (64.13%) | 0.25 |
| Tocilizumab | 5 (4.63%) | 1 (6.25%) | 4 (4.35%) | 0.55 |
| ART | 79 (82.3%) | 11 (73.3%) | 68 (84%) | 0.46 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Median (IQR) | ||||
| Length of stay (days) | 8.5 (5 – 12) | 7 (5 – 14) | 9 (5 – 11) | 0.87 |
| Length of stay in ICU (days) | 5.5 (4 – 10) | 5.5 (4 – 14) | 2 (1 – 7) | 0.22 |
IQR – Interquartile range, ALT- Alanine transaminase, AST- Aspartate transaminase, ALP - Alkaline phosphatase, GGT - Gamma-glutamyl transferase, LDH – lactate dehydrogenase, N/L – neutrophil/lymphocyte, hs – Highly sensitive