Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of survey participants (N=4685)
| Variables | Total | Speech-frequency hearing loss | High-frequency hearing loss | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | p* | Yes | No | p* | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 2386 (50.9) | 1343 (56.3) | 1043 (43.7) | <0.001 | 1004 (42.1) | 1382 (57.9) | <0.001 |
| Female | 2299 (49.1) | 1460 (63.5) | 839 (36.5) | 1154 (50.2) | 1145 (49.8) | ||
| Age groups (years) | |||||||
| Young (20–39) | 1393 (29.7) | 1239 (88.9) | 154 (11.1) | <0.001 | 1120 (80.4) | 273 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Middle-aged (40–59) | 2050 (43.8) | 1249 (60.9) | 801 (39.1) | 892 (43.5) | 1158 (56.5) | ||
| Older (60–80) | 1242 (26.5) | 315 (25.4) | 927 (74.6) | 146 (11.8) | 1096 (88.2) | ||
| Educational level | |||||||
| <High school | 1787 (38.1) | 877 (49.1) | 910 (50.9) | <0.001 | 629 (35.2) | 1158 (64.8) | <0.001 |
| High school | 1842 (39.3) | 1217 (66.1) | 625 (33.9) | 961 (52.2) | 881 (47.8) | ||
| >High school | 1056 (22.5) | 709 (67.1) | 347 (32.9) | 568 (53.8) | 488 (46.2) | ||
| Income (RMB) | |||||||
| <4000 | 1557 (33.2) | 638 (41.0) | 919 (59.0) | <0.001 | 391 (25.1) | 1166 (74.9) | <0.001 |
| 4000–6000 | 1216 (26.0) | 700 (57.6) | 516 (42.4) | 539 (44.3) | 677 (55.7) | ||
| ≥6000 | 1912 (40.8) | 1465 (76.6) | 447 (23.4) | 1228 (64.2) | 684 (35.8) | ||
| Cigarette smoking | |||||||
| Never smoker | 2181 (46.6) | 1385 (63.5) | 796 (36.5) | <0.001 | 1073 (49.2) | 1108 (50.8) | <0.001 |
| Passive smoker | 1309 (27.9) | 871 (66.5) | 438 (33.5) | 713 (54.5) | 596 (45.5) | ||
| Current smoker | 948 (20.2) | 469 (49.5) | 479 (50.5) | 326 (34.39) | 622 (65.6) | ||
| Past smoker | 247 (5.3) | 78 (31.6) | 169 (68.4) | 46 (18.6) | 201 (81.4) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | |||||||
| Never drinker | 3738 (79.8) | 2356 (63.0) | 1382 (37.0) | <0.001 | 1841 (49.3) | 1897 (50.7) | <0.001 |
| Former drinker | 78 (1.7) | 35 (44.9) | 43 (55.1) | 27 (34.6) | 51 (65.4) | ||
| Current drinker | 869 (18.5) | 412 (47.4) | 457 (52.6) | 290 (33.4) | 579 (66.6) | ||
| Workplace noise (non-occupational noise exposure) | |||||||
| No or very little | 3054 (65.2) | 1879 (61.5) | 1175 (38.5) | <0.001 | 1446 (47.3) | 1608 (52.7) | <0.001 |
| ≥1/week | 1102 (23.5) | 665 (60.3) | 437 (39.7) | 511 (46.4) | 591 (53.6) | ||
| ≥1/day | 529 (11.3) | 259 (49.0) | 270 (51.0) | 201 (38.0) | 328 (62.0) | ||
| Frequency of use of headphones | |||||||
| Never use | 3127 (66.7) | 1634 (52.3) | 1493 (47.7) | <0.001 | 1195 (38.2) | 1932 (61.8) | <0.001 |
| 1/week | 942 (20.1) | 691 (73.4) | 251 (26.6) | 554 (58.8) | 388 (41.2) | ||
| 1–2/day | 530 (11.3) | 412 (77.7) | 118 (22.3) | 351 (66.2) | 179 (33.8) | ||
| >3/day | 86 (1.8) | 66 (76.7) | 20 (23.3) | 58 (67.4) | 28 (32.6) | ||
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 3808 (81.3) | 2547 (66.9) | 1261 (33.1) | <0.001 | 2023 (53.1) | 1785 (46.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 877 (18.7) | 256 (29.2) | 621 (70.8) | 135 (15.4) | 742 (84.6) | ||
| Diabetes | |||||||
| No | 4505 (96.2) | 2759 (61.2) | 1746 (38.8) | <0.001 | 2139 (47.5) | 2366 (52.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 180 (3.8) | 44 (24.4) | 136 (75.6) | 19 (10.6) | 161 (89.4) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||||
| No | 4432 (94.6) | 2713 (61.2) | 1719 (38.8) | <0.001 | 2103 (47.5) | 2329 (52.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 253 (5.4) | 90 (35.6) | 163 (64.4) | 55 (21.7) | 198 (78.3) | ||
| Anemia | |||||||
| No | 4532 (96.7) | 2704 (59.7) | 1828 (40.3) | 0.240 | 2082 (45.9) | 2450 (54.1) | 0.366 |
| Yes | 153 (3.3) | 99 (64.7) | 54 (35.3) | 76 (49.7) | 77 (50.3) | ||
| Migraine | |||||||
| No | 4553 (97.2) | 2731 (60.0) | 1822 (40.0) | 0.209 | 2109 (46.3) | 2444 (53.7) | 0.041 |
| Yes | 132 (2.8) | 72 (54.5) | 60 (45.5) | 49 (37.1) | 83 (62.9) | ||
*
Statistical significance at p<0.05. RMB: 1000 Chinese Renminbi about US$148 (average 2017).