Table 4.

Characteristic mentoring relationship as defined by postgraduate mentees of Japanese physician-scientists

Cultural dimensions	Themes
Power distance	Trustworthy dependence on mentor Embracing paternalistic mentoring Mentee’s initiative within expectations of mentor
Individualism/collectivism	A sense of loyalty to mentor, organization, or colleagues Family-like relationship with mentor
Uncertainty avoidance	Sense of security on being led by a mentor
Masculinity	Motivation by role modeling for the competitive academic world Adaptation of female mentee/mentor to a male-dominated academic structure
Long-term orientation	A long-term relationship between mentor and mentee Receiving advice for organizational continuity
Indulgence	Putting work before leisure Friendly relationship between mentor and mentee outside of work