Table 1.
Association between respondents’ characteristics and number of ANC contacts during the pregnancy of their most recent birth
| Characteristics | Number of Antenatal Contact (%) | χ2 | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N(%) | None | 1–3 | 4–7 | 8+ | |||
| Age of mothers (years) | 387.7* | 0.000 | |||||
| 15–19 | 1203(5.5) | 32.9 | 23.2 | 34.4 | 9.5 | ||
| 20–24 | 4186(19.2) | 26.5 | 19.3 | 39.8 | 14.4 | ||
| 25–29 | 5647(25.9) | 23.3 | 18.3 | 38.2 | 20.2 | ||
| 30–39 | 8345(38.3) | 22.3 | 15.9 | 36.8 | 25.1 | ||
| 40–49 | 2404(11.0) | 29.6 | 14.8 | 36.4 | 19.2 | ||
| Highest educational level | 6052.3* | 0.000 | |||||
| No education | 9683(44.5) | 43.4 | 22.0 | 30.4 | 4.2 | ||
| Primary | 3272(15.0) | 16.6 | 19.2 | 44.7 | 19.5 | ||
| Secondary | 6921(31.8) | 8.5 | 12.9 | 44.0 | 34.6 | ||
| Higher | 1908(8.8) | 1.0 | 6.8 | 39.0 | 53.2 | ||
| Spouse’s highest education | 4813.3* | 0.000 | |||||
| No education | 7313(36.1) | 47.6 | 21.4 | 26.6 | 4.3 | ||
| Primary | 2822(13.9) | 19.3 | 20.1 | 42.8 | 17.8 | ||
| Secondary | 6975(34.5) | 11.9 | 14.4 | 43.5 | 30.2 | ||
| Higher | 3126(15.4) | 4.1 | 13.5 | 44.1 | 38.2 | ||
| Who decides respondent’s healthcare | 2290.2* | 0.000 | |||||
| Respondent alone | 1996(9.8) | 13.5 | 14.2 | 32.5 | 39.7 | ||
| Respondent and Spouse | 6324(31.1) | 12.5 | 13.1 | 42.9 | 31.5 | ||
| Spouse alone | 12,039(59.1) | 33.2 | 20.5 | 35.3 | 11.0 | ||
| Media exposure | 3115.5* | 0.000 | |||||
| Unexposed to media | 8196(37.6) | 41.5 | 21.6 | 31.0 | 5.9 | ||
| Exposed to media | 13,589(62.4) | 14.5 | 14.9 | 41.6 | 29.1 | ||
| Ethnicity | 5900.0* | 0.000 | |||||
| Hausa/Fulani | 9572(43.9) | 37.3 | 21.8 | 36.5 | 4.4 | ||
| Yoruba | 2743(12.6) | 4.7 | 4.5 | 29.1 | 61.6 | ||
| Igbo | 2666(12.2) | 3.8 | 9.9 | 42.4 | 44.0 | ||
| Ibibio | 381(1.8) | 17.7 | 15.4 | 45.0 | 21.9 | ||
| Others | 6422(29.5) | 23.1 | 19.5 | 40.3 | 17.0 | ||
| Religion | 3027.9* | 0.000 | |||||
| Islam | 13,373(61.4) | 32.7 | 21.0 | 36.2 | 10.2 | ||
| Christians | 8295(38.1) | 11.6 | 11.6 | 39.4 | 37.1 | ||
| Others | 117(0.5) | 34.5 | 24.7 | 35.7 | 5.1 | ||
| Marital Status | 44.8* | 0.000 | |||||
| Never married | 511(2.3) | 21.8 | 15.7 | 33.6 | 28.9 | ||
| Living in a union | 20,520(94.2) | 25.0 | 17.6 | 37.4 | 20.0 | ||
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 754(3.5) | 20.3 | 14.1 | 44.6 | 21.0 | ||
| Wealth status | 5729.2* | 0.000 | |||||
| Low | 6912(31.7) | 45.3 | 21.3 | 28.9 | 4.7 | ||
| Middle | 7036(32.3) | 24.1 | 20.4 | 41.5 | 14.0 | ||
| Richest | 7837(36.0) | 6.9 | 11.2 | 41.8 | 40.2 | ||
| Children ever-born | 717.3* | 0.000 | |||||
| 1 or 2 births | 7637(35.1) | 19.7 | 15.2 | 38.5 | 26.6 | ||
| 3 or 4 births | 6133(28.2) | 22.1 | 17.2 | 37.8 | 22.9 | ||
| More than 4 births | 8015(36.8) | 31.5 | 19.8 | 36.4 | 12.2 | ||
| Birth order | 753.9* | 0.000 | |||||
| First | 3735(17.1) | 18.6 | 15.8 | 39.4 | 26.2 | ||
| Second | 3902(17.9) | 20.8 | 14.6 | 37.6 | 27.1 | ||
| Third | 3339(15.3) | 20.7 | 16.3 | 37.7 | 25.3 | ||
| Fourth | 2794(12.8) | 23.6 | 18.3 | 38.0 | 20.0 | ||
| Fifth or higher | 8015(36.8) | 31.5 | 19.8 | 36.4 | 12.2 | ||
| Birth interval | 133.7* | 0.000 | |||||
| First Birth | 3735(17.1) | 18.6 | 15.8 | 39.4 | 26.2 | ||
| < 36 months | 10,453(48.1) | 26.9 | 17.8 | 37.7 | 17.5 | ||
| >=36 months | 7558(34.8) | 24.5 | 16.6 | 37.4 | 21.5 | ||
| Current employment status | 876.6* | 0.000 | |||||
| Employed | 14,898(68.4) | 20.1 | 16.4 | 38.9 | 24.6 | ||
| Unemployed | 6887(31.6) | 34.7 | 19.7 | 34.5 | 11.0 | ||
| Spouse current employment statusment | 954.1* | 0.000 | |||||
| Employed | 15,712(72.1) | 20.2 | 16.5 | 39.1 | 24.2 | ||
| Unemployed | 6073(27.9) | 36.5 | 19.8 | 33.5 | 10.1 | ||
| Household head sex | 177.3* | 0.000 | |||||
| Male | 19,659(90.2) | 25.6 | 17.8 | 37.3 | 19.3 | ||
| Female | 2126(9.8) | 16.7 | 14.0 | 39.9 | 29.5 | ||
| Wanted Last child | 141.6* | 0.000 | |||||
| Then | 19,142(87.9) | 25.6 | 17.6 | 37.6 | 19.2 | ||
| Later | 1919(8.8) | 17.4 | 17.0 | 37.6 | 28.0 | ||
| Never | 724(3.3) | 22.8 | 13.5 | 35.8 | 27.9 | ||
| Family Mobility | 452.8* | 0.000 | |||||
| 5 + yr | 18,201(83.5) | 26.6 | 18.1 | 37.3 | 18.0 | ||
| Less stable 0-4yr | 3584(16.5) | 15.4 | 14.0 | 38.8 | 31.8 | ||
| Have health Insurance | 189.3 | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 21,306(97.8) | 25.1 | 17.6 | 37.6 | 19.7 | ||
| Yes | 479(2.2) | 9.2 | 10.8 | 36.3 | 43.7 | ||
| Wife Beating acceptable | 1457.9* | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 14,897(68.4) | 19.0 | 16.0 | 38.9 | 26.1 | ||
| Yes | 6887(31.6) | 37.0 | 20.6 | 34.6 | 7.9 | ||
| Community Poverty | 1327.7* | 0.000 | |||||
| Low | 8018(36.8) | 18.8 | 22.4 | 48.2 | 10.7 | ||
| High | 13,767(63.2) | 28.3 | 14.5 | 31.2 | 25.9 | ||
| Community Illiteracy | 1181.8* | 0.000 | |||||
| Low | 8106(37.2) | 16.0 | 21.4 | 48.6 | 14.0 | ||
| High | 13,679(62.8) | 30.0 | 15.1 | 30.9 | 24.0 | ||
| Community Unemployment | 129.6* | 0.001 | |||||
| Low | 9348(42.9) | 23.2 | 19.4 | 39.9 | 17.6 | ||
| High | 12,437(57.1) | 26.0 | 16.0 | 35.8 | 22.2 | ||
| Community Media barrier | 817.1* | 0.000 | |||||
| Low | 9508(42.9) | 17.3 | 19.9 | 45.7 | 17.1 | ||
| High | 12,277(57.1) | 30.6 | 15.5 | 31.1 | 22.7 | ||
| Community SES Disadvantage | 7220.1* | 0.000 | |||||
| Lowest | 7542(34.6) | 6.7 | 8.3 | 38.9 | 46.0 | ||
| Middle | 7190(33.0) | 19.7 | 22.8 | 46.0 | 11.6 | ||
| Highest | 7053(32.4) | 48.5 | 21.4 | 27.6 | 2.6 | ||
| Region | |||||||
| North central | 3014(13.8) | 27.8 | 17.6 | 40.3 | 14.3 | 6300.1* | 0.000 |
| North East | 3841(17.6) | 28.5 | 27.5 | 40.3 | 3.7 | ||
| North West | 7602(34.9) | 36.3 | 21.4 | 38.1 | 4.2 | ||
| South East | 2126(9.7) | 3.8 | 11.9 | 45.8 | 38.5 | ||
| South South | 2007(9.2) | 18.8 | 8.6 | 33.2 | 39.3 | ||
| South West | 3194(14.7) | 5.9 | 4.2 | 26.7 | 63.2 | ||
| Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 8659(39.8) | 10.4 | 13.6 | 40.6 | 35.5 | 2200.1* | 0.000 |
| Rural | 12,126(60.2) | 34.0 | 20.0 | 35.6 | 10.5 | ||
| Total | 21,785 | 24.5 | 17.5 | 37.6 | 20.4 | ||
*significant χ2at 0.05