Table 1.
Patient characteristics and COVID-19 assessment of HCQ-treated patients and their matched controls.
| HCQ-treated patients (n = 71) |
Matched controlsa (n = 191) |
ASD (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–54 | 41 (57.7) | 100 (52.4) | |
| 55–64 | 12 (16.9) | 33 (17.3) | |
| 65–74 | 10 (14.1) | 29 (15.2) | |
| ≥ 75 | 8 (11.3) | 29 (15.2) | |
| Mean ± SD | 53 ± 16 | 55 ± 16 | 12.6 |
| Female gender | 67 (94.4) | 179 (93.7) | 2.7 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Respiratory disease (all) | 9 (12.7) | 33 (17.3) | 12.9 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 2 (2.8) | 9 (4.7) | 10.0 |
| COPD | 2 (2.8) | 8 (4.2) | 7.5 |
| Asthma | 5 (7.0) | 19 (9.9) | 10.4 |
| Cardiac disease (all) | 10 (14.1) | 21 (11.0) | 9.3 |
| Coronary heart diseases | 6 (8.5) | 19 (9.9) | 5.2 |
| Stroke | 4 (5.6) | 4 (2.1) | 18.4 |
| Diabetes | 5 (7.0) | 19 (9.9) | 10.4 |
| Obesityb | 16.4 | ||
| < 30 | 48 (76.2) | 112 (69.1) | |
| 30–39.9 | 13 (20.6) | 45 (27.8) | |
| ≥ 40 | 2 (3.2) | 5 (3.1) | |
| Hypertension | 19 (26.8) | 56 (29.3) | 5.7 |
| Past history of cancer | 7 (9.9) | 8 (4.2) | 22.3 |
| Chronic renal failure | 12 (16.9) | 7 (3.7) | 44.7 |
| No. of patients with at least 1 comorbidity | 60 (84.5) | 163 (85.3) | 2.3 |
| Disease history | 138 | ||
| Systemic auto-immune diseases | 55 (77.5) | 41 (21.5) | |
| Chronic inflammatory arthritis | 14 (19.7) | 117 (61.3) | |
| Vasculitis | 0 (0.0) | 23 (12.0) | |
| Auto-inflammatory diseases | 1 (1.4) | 2 (1.0) | |
| Other | 1 (1.4) | 8 (4.2) | |
| Rheumatic disease or AI2D treatments | |||
| Corticosteroid | 31 (43.7) | 61 (31.9) | 24.4 |
| Daily prednisone doses ≥ 10 mg or equivalent | 10 (32.3) | 28 (47.5) | 31.4 |
| NSAIDs | 5 (7.0) | 17 (8.9) | 6.9 |
| Colchicine | 2 (2.8) | 10 (5.2) | 12.3 |
| Methotrexate | 19 (26.8) | 48 (25.1) | 3.7 |
| Leflunomide | 1 (1.4) | 12 (6.3) | 25.6 |
| Salazopyrine | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | ND |
| Mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid | 11 (15.5) | 4 (2.1) | 48.7 |
| Azathioprine | 3 (4.2) | 1 (0.5) | ND |
| IVIG | 1 (1.4) | 3 (1.6) | ND |
| Biologics | |||
| Anti-TNF | 3 (4.2) | 46 (24.1) | 59.4 |
| Anti-IL6 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.1) | ND |
| Anti-CD20 | 2 (2.8) | 11 (5.8) | 14.6 |
| Anti-IL17a | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.1) | ND |
| Anti-IL1 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | ND |
| Abatacept | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.1) | 25.5 |
| JAK inhibitor | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.6) | ND |
| Belimumab | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | ND |
| Other biologics | 3 (4.2) | 7 (3.7) | 2.9 |
| No. of patients with at least 1 immunosuppressive drug | 37 (52.1) | 107 (56.0) | 7.9 |
| COVID-19 assessment | |||
| PCR test performed | 49/71 (69.0) | 137/191 (71.7) | 6.0 |
| Positive PCR test | 41/48 (85.4) | 111/137 (81.0) | 11.8 |
| CT-scan performed | 33/68 (48.5) | 75/179 (41.9) | 13.4 |
| Positive CT-scan | 28/33 (84.8) | 60/75 (80.0) | 12.8 |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AI2D: autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulins; ASD: absolute standardised difference; SD: standard deviation. Values are presented as frequency (percentage) unless otherwise indicated. ND indicates not done for binary variables with frequency < 5 in the matched sample.
a
Matched on age (±5 yrs), gender, comorbidity (at least one vs. none), use of immunosuppressive drugs (at least one vs. none), and use of PCR test for COVID-19.
b
37 missing values (n = 8 in HCQ-treated patients).