Table 2.
Result of balance during standing and walking
| Variables | Shapiro-Wilk test (statistic; P) | Shoulder pain group (n=15) | Control group (n=15) | Between-group differences | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/mean rank difference | 95% CI | Eta2/Cohen’s d | Significance (statistic; P) | ||||
| Standing balance | |||||||
| Challenge Disc (0–5)* | 0.881; 0.003 | 4.6 (4.5-4.8) | 4.6 (4.2-4.7) | 5.14 | −0.06-0.39 | 0.09 | U=74.0; 0.110 |
| Right UPST (s)* | 0.729; <0.001 | 51.0 (34.0-60.0) | 60.0 (60.0-60.0) | −4.74 | −25.20-0.00 | 0.09 | U=−77.0; 0.104 |
| Romberg (+\−) | 0.275; <0.001 | 2/13 | 0/15 | Chi-square test=2.14; 0.143 | |||
| Walking balance | |||||||
| Right COPd (cm)$ | 0.976; 0.709 | 2.71±0.98 | 3.16±0.88 | 0.44 | −1.15-0.25 | 0.53 | t=−1.31; 0.201 |
| Left COPd (cm)$ | 0.972; 0.605 | 2.34±0.51 | 2.38±1.05 | 0.04 | −0.67-0.58 | 0.05 | t=−1.54; 0.879 |
| Right stance phase duration (s)* | 0.925; 0.037 | 0.8 (0.8-0.8) | 0.8 (0.8-0.9) | −1.86 | −0.06-0.04 | 0.01 | U=98.5; 0.561 |
| Left stance phase duration (s)$ | 0.986; 0.947 | 0.80±0.07 | 0.81±0.07 | 0.00 | −0.06-0.05 | 0.10 | t=1.89; P=0.847 |
| TUG (s)$ | 0.963; 0.374 | 10.3±0.91 | 9.81±0.92 | 0.48 | −0.20-1.16 | 0.54 | t=1.44; 0.160 |
*Mann-Whitney U-test (U) used and data are expressed as median (IQR), $Independent t-test (t) and data are expressed as mean±SD. ¥Chi-square test and data are expressed as frequency. COPd – Center of pressure deviation; SD – Standard deviation; TUG – Timed up and go; UPST – Unipedal stance test; CI – Confidence interval; IQR – Interquartile range