Table 3.
Individual and area-level predictors of the likelihood of having a BLL 2 to <5 µg/dL, compared to BLL < 2 µg/dL in 93,162 children aged 0–72 months living in 20 counties in or near the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistics area who had a valid venous blood lead test in the years 2010–2018.
| Individual-and Area-Level Characteristics |
AOR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
| Fixed effects | |||||
| Age | 0–2 | – | 0.68(0.65–0.70) | – | 0.68(0.66–0.70) |
| 2–6 | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| Gender | Female | – | 0.99(0.96–1.03) | – | 0.99(0.96–1.03) |
| Male | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| Race | Black | – | 1 | – | 1 |
| White | – | 1.20(1.13–1.28) | – | 1.31(1.22–1.39) | |
| Other | – | 0.83(0.79–0.88) | – | 0.85(0.80–0.90) | |
| Unknown | – | 9.78(9.36–10.23) | – | 10.05(9.61–10.51) | |
| Medicaid status | No | – | 0.42(0.40–0.44) | – | 0.42(0.40–0.44) |
| Yes | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| Area | Suburban | – | 0.91(0.85–0.98) | – | 0.91(0.85–0.98) |
| Rural | – | 1.25(0.89–1.75) | – | 1.48(1.06–2.07) | |
| Urban | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| Age under 5 (%) | – | – | 1.06(0.99–1.14) | 1.03(0.96–1.11) | |
| Houses Built pre-1980 (%) | – | – | 0.98(0.97–1.00) | 1.01(0.99–1.02) | |
| 2019 Total Crime Index | – | – | 1.00(0.99–1.00) | 1.00(0.99–1.00) | |
| 2010 Renter (%) | – | – | 0.98(0.97–0.99) | 0.98(0.96–0.99) | |
| GED/High School Diploma (%) | – | – | 1.02(0.99–1.04) | 1.02(0.99–1.04) | |
| White (%) | – | – | 0.97(0.96–0.98) | 0.93(0.92–0.95) | |
| Block Random effects | |||||
| Block variance (SE) | 0.30(0.02) | 0.26(0.02) | 0.29(0.01) | 0.24(0.01) | |
| ICC (%) | 8.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 6.8 | |
| PCV (%) | Ref | 13.3 | 3.3 | 20.0 | |
| Model fit statistics | |||||
| Log-likelihood | 120,633.5 | 81,475.32 | 120,574.7 | 81,349.43 | |
| AIC | 120,637.5 | 81,495.32 | 120,590.7 | 81,381.43 | |