Table 4.
Individual and area-level predictors of the likelihood of having a BLL 2 to <5 µg/dL compared to BLL ≥ 5 µg/dL, in 93,162 children aged 0–72 months living in 20 counties in or near the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistics area who had a valid venous blood lead test in the years 2010–2018.
| Individual-and Area-Level Characteristics |
AOR (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Age | 0–2 | – | 1.13(1.03–1.25) | – | 1.13(1.02–1.25) | |
| 2–6 | – | 1 | – | 1 | ||
| Gender | Female | – | 0.98(0.89–1.08) | – | 0.97(0.88–1.10) | |
| Male | – | 1 | – | 1 | ||
| Race | Black | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| White | – | 0.85(0.70–1.03) | – | 0.90(0.73–1.10) | ||
| Other | – | 0.80(0.68–0.94) | – | 0.83(0.71–0.98) | ||
| Unknown | – | 1.77(1.57–2.00) | – | 1.83(1.62–2.06) | ||
| Medicaid status | No | – | 0.64(0.58–0.72) | – | 0.66(0.59–0.73) | |
| Yes | – | 1 | – | 1 | ||
| Area | Suburban | – | 0.79(0.66–0.95) | – | 0.92(0.76–1.11) | |
| Rural | – | 0.78(0.32–1.94) | – | 0.78(0.32–1.85) | ||
| Urban | – | 1 | – | 1 | ||
| Age under 5 (%) | – | – | 1.08(0.91–1.27) | 1.12(0.95–1.33) | ||
| Houses Built pre-1980 (%) | – | – | 0.92(0.90–0.95) | 0.92(0.90–0.95) | ||
| 2019 Total Crime Index | – | – | 1.01(1.00–1.02) | 1.01(1.00–1.02) | ||
| 2010 Renter (%) | – | – | 0.96(0.93–0.99) | 0.96(0.93–0.99) | ||
| GED/High School Diploma (%) | – | – | 1.08(1.02–1.15) | 1.10(1.02–1.17) | ||
| White (%) | – | – | 0.98(0.95–1.01) | 0.99(0.96–1.03) | ||
| Block Random effects | ||||||
| Block variance (SE) | 0.79(0.07) | 0.72(0.08) | 0.70(0.07) | 0.63(0.07) | ||
| ICC (%) | 19.4 | 18.0 | 17.5 | 16.1 | ||
| PCV (%) | Ref | 8.8 | 11.4 | 20.3 | ||
| Model fit statistics | ||||||
| Log-likelihood | 17,029.17 | 14,005.37 | 16,977.06 | 13,966.2 | ||
| AIC | 17,033.17 | 14,025.37 | 16,993.06 | 13,998.2 | ||