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. 2021 May 12;9:663021. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663021

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Copyright © 2021 Ren, Gao and Han.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Collection and analysis of AFM force relaxation curves. (A) Schematic diagrams of the process used to acquire the AFM force relaxation curves. (I) Diagram showing the AFM probe approaching the cell at a speed of 20 μm/s. (II) Diagram showing the AFM probe making an indentation of about 1 μm in the cell and then kept still at this location. (B) A physical model of the cell membrane, cytoskeleton, and cytosol considered together for a spherical probe. F is the loading force of AFM indenter, R is the radius of spherical probe, θ is the integral angle, δ is indentation depth, a is the effective contact radius, E_C, E_II, and η are the elastic and viscos elements that make up the standard linear solid model of cytoplasm. (C) Force-time curve at the approaching phase and relaxation phase.