Late colonizers
Bacterial species (in alphabetical order of Gram-positive and Gram-negative)	Shape	Gram-positive/Gram-negative	Aerobic/anaerobic	Symbiotic/antagonistic interaction	Complex	Periodontal diseases associated with	Ref.
Eubacterium nodatum	Bacillus	+	b	✓ red complex species	Orange	Chronic periodontitis	17, 23, 26, 27
Filifactor alocis	Bacillus	+	b	✓ P. gingivalis	None	Localized aggressive and refractory periodontitis	47–49
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans	Bacillus	−	b	✗ S. mutans	None	Chronic, localized aggressive, and generalized aggressive periodontitis	23
				✗ S. sanguinis
Porphyromonas gingivalis	Bacillus	−	b	✗ S. sanguinis	Red	Chronic, localized aggressive, and generalized aggressive periodontitis	1, 7, 17, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31
				✓ A. actinomycetemcomitans
				✓ C. rectus
				✓ F. nucleatum
				✓ T. denticola
Prevotella denticola	Bacillus	−	b	N/A	None	Chronic and aggressive periodontitis	23
Prevotella intermedia	Bacillus	−	b	✓ red complex species	Orange	Chronic, localized aggressive, and generalized aggressive periodontitis	1, 17, 23, 26, 27
Prevotella nigrescens	Bacillus	−	b	✓ red complex species	Orange	Chronic and aggressive periodontitis	1, 17, 26, 27
Selenomonas flueggei	Bacillus	−	b	N/A	None	Chronic periodontitis	1
Tannerella forsythia	Bacillus	−	b	✓ F. nucleatum	Red	Chronic, localized aggressive, and generalized aggressive periodontitis	1, 7, 23, 26
Treponema denticola	Spiral	−	b	✓ P. gingivalis	Red	Chronic and generalized aggressive periodontitis	1, 7, 19, 23, 26, 31