Table 3.
Estimates of Housing Prices on Health From a Within-Subject Fixed-Effects Model
| Variable | Good Health (Yes/No) | CES-D Score (0–8) | Obesity (Yes/No) | Smoking (Yes/No) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| House tenure status | ||||
| Outright owner (Reference) | ||||
| Mortgage owner | −0.0434 (0.0393) | 0.0838 (0.1842) | −0.0661 (0.0347)* | 0.0462 (0.0283) |
| Renter | −0.0777 (0.0585) | 0.9901 (0.2762)*** | 0.0446 (0.0499) | 0.1864 (0.0431)*** |
| Outright owner × ln(HPI) | 0.0211 (0.0108)* | −0.0274 (0.0489) | −0.0182 (0.0093)** | 0.0095 (0.0069) |
| Mortgage owner × ln(HPI) | 0.0281 (0.0108)*** | −0.0396 (0.0501) | −0.0038 (0.0097) | −0.0003 (0.0071) |
| Renter × ln(HPI) | 0.0350 (0.0132)*** | −0.2369(0.0628)*** | −0.0285 (0.0117)*** | −0.0303 (0.0095)*** |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married (Reference) | ||||
| Divorced | −0.0136 (0.0072)* | 0.3369 (0.0366)*** | −0.0067 (0.0062) | 0.0071 (0.0052) |
| Widowed | 0.0200 (0.0053)*** | 0.4945 (0.0268)*** | −0.0229 (0.0044)*** | 0.0076 (0.0036)** |
| Never married | 0.0377 (0.0174)** | 0.3417 (0.0940)*** | −0.0202 (0.0149) | −0.0207 (0.0137) |
| Labor force participation | ||||
| Working (Reference) | ||||
| (partly) Retired | −0.0345 (0.0033)*** | 0.1057 (0.0156)*** | 0.0042 (0.0030) | −0.0140 (0.0024)*** |
| Disabled | −0.1411 (0.0087)*** | 0.4868 (0.0475)*** | 0.0152 (0.0065)** | −0.0175 (0.0057)*** |
| Outside labor force | −0.0284 (0.0047)*** | 0.1930 (0.0234)*** | 0.0114 (0.0038)*** | −0.0094 (0.0030)*** |
| Age | −0.0092 (0.0080) | 0.0538 (0.0349) | 0.0235 (0.0059)*** | −0.0111 (0.0049)** |
| Age squared | −0.0002 (0.0000)*** | 0.0008 (0.0001)*** | −0.0002 (0.0000)*** | 0.0001 (0.0000)*** |
| ln (county-level poverty rate) | 0.0289 (0.0134)** | −0.0635 (0.0619) | −0.0066 (0.0115) | 0.0133 (0.0089) |
| ln (county-level household median income) | −0.0260 (0.0308) | 0.0699 (0.1404) | 0.0106 (0.0261) | 0.0258 (0.0192) |
| ln (county-level number of beds) | −0.0148 (0.0053)*** | 0.0458 (0.0225)** | 0.0032 (0.0049) | −0.0006 (0.0039) |
| ln (county-level unemployment rate) | 0.0085 (0.0063) | 0.0648 (0.0279)** | −0.0094 (0.0052)* | −0.0027 (0.0037) |
| Constant | 2.1116 (0.5373)*** | −0.1662 (2.4486) | −0.7690 (0.4181)* | 0.3386 (0.3338) |
| County fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| State-specific linear trends | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| N | 32 374 | 30 314 | 32 374 | 32 374 |
| N × T | 174 759 | 156 280 | 174 759 | 174 759 |
Notes: CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression scale; HPI = Housing Price Index. In parentheses are standard errors clustered at the individual level. N × T represents the number of person-years.
***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1.