Table 6.

Twelve patients ‘non-responders’—who received immunotherapy trial, with no improvement and were eventually diagnosed with non-autoimmune diagnosis

No/Age/ Sex	Onset <3m	Neurological presentation	Prior IT response	NPS abnormal	MRI abnormal	EEG abnormal	AE criteria	Final diagnosis
40 79 F	–	Memory loss, aphasia, apraxia, psychosis and seizures	–	+	Multiple lacunar strokes	Periodic sharp wave complexes	–	Probable Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
41 48M	–	Cognitive impairment	–	+	Confluent T2-HI hemispheres and pons	NA	–	Frontotemporal dementia
43 52 F	–	Aphasia	–	NA	Temporal atrophy (L)	NA	–	Primary progressive aphasia
44 52 F	–	Aphasia and memory loss	+	+	–	Sharp waves, TIRDA	–	Primary progressive aphasia
45 53 F	–	Cognitive impairment, hallucinations and aphasia	+	+	–	Atypical spike and wave	–	Probable neurodegenerative disorder
46 71 F	+	Sub-acute confusion superimposed on chronic parkinsonism	+	NA	–	Diffuse slowing	HE	Probable neurodegenerative disorder
47 50M	–	Acute onset tremors and cognitive complaint	+	–	–	–	–	Functional disorder
48 43 F	–	Cognitive complaint, pain and fatigue	–	+ (Mild executive deficits)	–	Bitemporal slowing	–	Fibromyalgia
49 12M	–	Agitation, fixations (ASD)	+	+	–	–	–	ASD, behavioural
50 22F	+	Sub-acute change behaviour and cognition (trisomy 21)	+	NA	–	Diffuse slowing	HE	Trisomy 21, behavioural
51 22M	–	Cognitive impairment	+	–	–	–	–	Mast cell activation disorder
52 28F	+	Sub-acute insomnia, shaking spells and disorientation	NA	–	–	–	HE	Insomnia, spells and mood symptoms

+, yes; −, no; m, months; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; IT, immunotherapy; NPS, neuropsychological testing; NA, not available; T2-HI, T2-hyperintensity; L, left; AE, autoimmune encephalitis; HE, Hashimoto encephalopathy; TIRDA, temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity.