Table 7.
S2+S1+DEM feature importance for discriminating various land cover types (a, b, c, d and e in shaded cells represent the five most important features, respectively).
| Classification Features | Land Cover Classes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mangrove | Mixed Swamp | Palm-Swamp | Bog Plain | Natural Forest | Sparse Vegetation | Rubber | Coconut | Oil Palm | Built-Up | Bare Surface | Water | |
| Blue | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.025 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.097 | 0.073 | 0.005 | 
| Green | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.034 | 0.050 e | 0.001 | 0.032 | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.136 e | 0.137 e | 0.005 | 
| Red | 0.010 | 0.014 | 0.027 | 0.109 a | 0.009 | 0.032 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.282 a | 0.416 a | 0.033 | 
| Red Edge 1 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.027 | 0.007 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.048 | 0.077 | 0.001 | 
| Red Edge 2 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.020 | 0.009 | 
| Red Edge 3 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 
| NIR | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.033 | 0.020 | 0.036 | 0.045 | 0.038 | 0.033 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.039 | 0.027 | 
| Red Edge 4 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 
| SWIR 1 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.030 | 0.049 | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.033 | 0.021 | 0.09 | 0.075 | 0.111 | 0.024 | 
| SWIR 2 | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.035 | 0.102 b | 0.024 | 0.066 c | 0.039 | 0.021 | 0.032 | 0.240 b | 0.251 b | 0.031 | 
| NDVI | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.039 d | 0.020 | 0.046 | 0.043 | 0.045 | 0.042 d | 0.045 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.034 | 
| GNDVI | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.064 d | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.106 | 0.212 c | 0.041 d | 
| NDWI | 0.038 | 0.038 e | 0.041 c | 0.030 | 0.048 | 0.046 e | 0.048 d | 0.044 c | 0.047 d | 0.013 | 0.027 | 0.030 | 
| EVI | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.036 e | 0.011 | 0.044 | 0.050 d | 0.045 e | 0.039 e | 0.047 e | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.036 e | 
| MSAVI2 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.028 | 0.007 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.030 | 0.036 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.027 | 
| LSWI | 0.025 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.099 c | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.0125 | 0.189 c | 0.161 d | 0.026 | 
| ARVI | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 
| NBR | 0.029 | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.049 | 0.024 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.165 d | 0.094 | 0.007 | 
| NBR 2 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 
| S2REP | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 
| NDVI_stdDev | 0.027 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.055 | 0.005 | 
| VH | 0.106 a | 0.106 a | 0.092 a | 0.045 | 0.101 b | 0.093 a | 0.097a | 0.097 a | 0.085 a | 0.083 | 0.022 | 0.042 c | 
| VV | 0.093 b | 0.089 b | 0.083 b | 0.016 | 0.082 c | 0.070 b | 0.074 c | 0.082 b | 0.079 b | 0.072 | 0.018 | 0.054 b | 
| VH_stdDev | 0.051 c | 0.058 c | 0.027 | 0.008 | 0.058 c | 0.038 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.044 | 0.018 | 0.032 | 
| VV_stdDev | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.034 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.026 | 0.022 | 0.059 | 0.001 | 0.021 | 
| VV_variance | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.029 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 
| VV_contrast | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.044 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 
| VV correlation | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 
| VH variance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 0.002 | 
| VH contrast | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.036 | 0.046 | 0.004 | 
| VH correlation | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 
| VVΔamplitude | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.019 e | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.030 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 
| VHΔamplitude | 0.048 d | 0.054 d | 0.025 | 0.002 | 0.053 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.022 | 0.036 | 0.017 | 0.030 | 
| Aspect | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 
| slope | 0.0002 | 0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 
| Elevation | 0.041 e | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.046 | 0.234 a | 0.046 | 0.087 b | 0.030 | 0.060 c | 0.039 | 0.036 | 0.066 a |