Table 1.
Differences for concerns and behaviors related to COVID-19, distress, depression, and anxiety (N = 670).
| Wave 1 | Wave 2 | t (df), Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Monitoring and usefulness of prevention measures against COVID-19 | |||
| 1. How often have you followed the recommended hygiene measures (e.g., constantly washing your hands, using alcohol for hands, disinfecting objects, using face masks, etc.) for the prevention of the coronavirus? | 8.45 (1.51) | 8.97 (1.28) | −9.57 (669) ***, −0.37 |
| 2. How useful do you consider these hygiene measures to be to avoid getting coronavirus? | 9.08 (1.44) | 9.18 (1.35) | −2.00 (669) *, −0.07 |
| 3. How much have you complied with the measures of social distancing? | 8.05 (1.85) | 8.67 (1.52) | −9.16 (668) ***, −0.35 |
| 4. How useful do you consider social distancing to be against the pandemic? | 9.10 (1.44) | 9.15 (1.42) | −1.14 (668), −0.04 |
| Information on the pandemic | |||
| 5. How often do you search for information about the course of the pandemic? | 8.23 (1.95) | 8.09 (1.97) | 1.76 (668), −0.008 |
| 6. How confident are you in the information you receive about the course of the pandemic? | 7.54 (2.07) | 7.55 (2.13) | −0.30 (668), −0.01 |
| Concern about COVID-19 | |||
| 7. How worried are you about getting the coronavirus? | 8.66 (2.03) | 8.71 (1.97) | −0.90 (668), −0.03 |
| 8. How concerned are you that a family member will get coronavirus? | 9.31 (1.48) | 9.22 (1.50) | 1.38 (664), 0.05 |
| 9. How concerned are you about your financial situation as a result of the pandemic? | 9.39 (1.37) | 9.19 (1.58) | 3.23 (668) ***, 0.12 |
| 10. How concerned are you about the security situation in your locality following the pandemic? | 9.25 (1.29) | 9.12 (1.40) | 2.26 (668) *, 0.08 |
| Impact of COVID-19 | |||
| 11. How much has your daily life been affected by the pandemic? | 8.62 (1.69) | 8.73 (1.65) | −1.5 (668), −0.05 |
| Family care | |||
| 12. How much has your family been aware of you since the contingency (phone calls, providing food, medicine, etc.)? | 8.17 (2.27) | 8.49 (1.96) | −3.95 (668) ***, −0.15 |
| IES-6 total score | 9.72 (4.54) | 8.65 (4.86) | 6.33 (669) ***, 0.24 |
| Intrusion | 3.49 (1.77) | 3.02(1.84) | 6.90 (669) ***, 0.26 |
| Avoidance | 3.23 (1.69) | 2.93 (1.74) | 4.44 (669) ***, 0.17 |
| Hyperarousal | 2.98 (1.62) | 2.69 (1.74) | 4.69 (669) ***, 0.18 |
| PHQ-9 total score | 4.87 (4.93) | 4.86 (5.17) | 0.08 (669), 0.003 |
| GAD-7 total score | 4.04 (4.36) | 3.93 (4.45) | 0.77 (669), 0.03 |
Notes: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; Abbreviations: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; GAD-7 = General Anxiety Disorder-7; IES-6 = Impact of Event Scale, abbreviated version; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9.