Table 1.

Characteristics of the patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) criteria according to the Consortium for Research and Education on thoracic outlet syndrome [7,14].

Diagnosis Criteria for NTOS	n (%)
No other probable diagnosis Symptoms duration ≥12 weeks	85 (100%) 85 (100%)
Principal symptoms 1a: Pain in the neck, upper back, shoulder, arm, and/or hand. 1b: Numbness, paresthesia, and/or weakness in the arm, hand, or digits.	85 (100%) 85 (100%)
Symptom characteristics 2a: Pain/paresthesia/weakness exacerbated by elevated arm positions. 2b: Pain/paresthesia/weakness exacerbated by prolonged or repetitive arm/hand use. 2c: Pain/paresthesia radiate down the arm from the supraclavicular or infra clavicular spaces.	80 (94.1%) 82 (96.5%) 71 (83.5%)
Clinical History 3a: Symptoms began after occupational, recreational, or accidental injury of the head, neck, or upper extremity, including repetitive upper extremity strain or overuse. 3b: Previous ipsilateral clavicle or first rib fracture or known cervical rib. 3c: Previous cervical spine or ipsilateral peripheral nerve surgery without sustained improvement in symptoms. 3d: Previous conservative or surgical treatment for ipsilateral TOS.	45 (52.9%) 5 (5.9%) 18 (21.1%) 80 (94.1%)
Physical examination 4a: Local tenderness on palpation over the scalene triangle and/or sub-coracoid space. 4b: Arm/hand/digit paresthesia on palpation over the scalene triangle and/or sub-coracoid space. 4c: Objectively weak handgrip, intrinsic muscles, or digit 5, or thenar/hypothenar atrophy.	81 (95.3%) 56 (65.9%) N/A *
Provocative maneuvers 5a: Positive upper limb tension test (ULTT). 5b: Positive 3-minute elevated arm stress test (EAST).	81 (95.3%) 84 (98.8%)

* Strength is the evaluated criteria of the study, and no patient exhibited overt thenar or hypothenar hand muscle atrophy on physical examination.