Table 4.
Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in normotensive patients with T2DM.
| Variables | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR (95%CI) | p-Value | aOR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
| Duration, years | 1.066 (1.043–1.091) | <0.001 | 1.057 (1.032–1.082) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 1.572 (1.015–2.435) | 0.043 | 1.358 (0.857–2.150) | 0.192 |
| Systolic BP | 1.024 (1.008–1.040) | 0.004 | 1.019 (1.003–1.037) | 0.018 |
| HbA1c | 1.465 (1.329–1.614) | <0.001 | 1.408 (1.275–1.555) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1.241 (0.883–1.742) | 0.213 | - | - |
| Age, years | 0.983 (0.962–1.004) | 0.120 | - | - |
| High education level | 0.819 (0.582–1.153) | 0.252 | - | - |
| Regular drinking | 0.843 (0.447–1.589) | 0.597 | - | - |
| High physical activity | 0.777 (0.553–1.092) | 0.146 | - | - |
| BMI | 0.964 (0.913–1.018) | 0.188 | - | - |
| Diastolic BP | 0.990 (0.971–1.010) | 0.344 | - | - |
| Triglyceride | 0.963 (0.858–1.082) | 0.530 | - | - |
| Total cholesterol | 0.924 (0.785–1.088) | 0.344 | - | - |
| LDL cholesterol | 0.991 (0.827–1.187) | 0.922 | - | - |
| HDL cholesterol | 0.728 (0.469–1.130) | 0.157 | - | - |
cOR, crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BP, blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c. Independent variables on male sex, high education level, regular drinking, current smoking, and high physical activity were dichotomous, while the other variables were continuous. Independent variables that were significantly associated with the dependent variable (Y = categories of diabetic retinopathy in order of increasing severity, i.e., from no apparent DR to proliferative DR) in the crude model were entered into the adjusted model.