Table 1.

Different types of dietary fibre cause differential changes to the gut microbiota and metabolic status.

Author	Study Design	(n)	Study Population	Age (Years)	Duration (Weeks)	Fibre Type	Dose (g/day)	Microbiota	Metabolic Marker
Venktaraman, 2016 [45]	Fibre	20	Healthy	19–20	3	RS2	24	↑ Ruminococcus bromii, Bifiodbacterium adolescentis	↑ Butyrate
Zhang, 2019 [48]	Randomized, Double-Blind	19	Healthy	18–55	4	RS2	40	↑ Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 ↓ Coprococcus, Bacteroides	↓ Body Fat (%), LDL ↑ GLP-1, Acetate
Benítez-Páez, 2019 [50]	Randomized Crossover	30	Obese	36–52	4	Arabinoxylan	10	↑ Prevotella	↑ SCFA
Lu, 2004 [144]	Randomized Crossover	15	T2D	30–74	5	Arabinoxylan	15	Not measured	↓ Fasting glucose and insulin
Nicolucci, 2017 [163]	Double-Blind, Placebo	22	Obese	7–12	16	Inulin	10	↑ Bifidobacterium	↓ Body Weight, Body Fat (%), TAG
Ramirez-Faris, 2008 [57]	Randomized, Crossover	12	Healthy	30–64	3	Inulin	5	↑Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Not measured
Wang, 2016 [66]	Randomized, Crossover	30	Metabolic Syndrome	27–78	5	ß-glucan	5	↑ Bacteroides, Prevotella ↓ Dorea	↓ Total Cholesterol
Mitsou, 2010 [69]	Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo	52	Healthy	39–70	4	ß-glucan	1	↑ Bfidobacterium, ↓ Bacteroides	No significant change
Lappi, 2013 [85]	Randomized, Parallel	52	Metabolic Syndrome	40–65	12	Rye	75	↑ Collinsella, Clostridium XIV Bacteroides	No significant change
Lee, 2016 [184]	Randomized, Crossover		Healthy	18–60		Rye	40	Not measured	↓ Postprandial Glucose and Insulin
Vitaglione, 2015 [63]	Randomized, Parallel, Placebo	80	Obese	19–67	8	Wheat	70	↑ Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes ↓ Clostridium	No significant change
Dall’Alba, 2013 [151]	Randomized, Parallel	44	T2D	32–75	6	Gum guar	10	Not measured	↓ Waist Circumference, HbA1c, TAG